Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
the area where two neurons meet and a signal is passed from one neuron to another
Synapse
neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft via _____________
exocytosis
nerve impulses reach the axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron and open ________; which enters terminal
Ca2+ channels
postsynaptic membrane permeability changes, causing an_______________
excitatory (more +) or inhibitory (more -) effect: graded potential
involves a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) which crosses the synaptic cleft
Synapse
a weak change in a neuron’s membrane potential (on the dendrites, cell body or sensory receptor) that can vary in size and can die out (not all-or-none!)
graded potential
In postsynaptic membrane permeability changes ______ are more postive and ________ are more negative
excitatory (more +) inhibitory (more -)
a synapse is the area where two neurons meet and a signal is _________________
passed from one neuron to another
neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the __________
postsynaptic neuron
can graded potentials vary in size
yes
is a graded potential all of none?
no
a synapse involves a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) which crosses the
synaptic cleft
a graded potential is a weak change in a neuron’s membrane potential on the ________
dendrites, cell body or sensory receptor
can a graded potential die out
yes
any place where one cell comes in contact with another and a signal is passed
synapses
the neuron releasing the neurotransmitter is the ____
presynaptic neuron
does a weak + stimulus (below threshold level) cause a lot or a few sodium gates to open
causes only a few sodium gates to open
the neuron that receives the neurotransmitter
postsynaptic neuron
excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP): encourages the post-synaptic cell to have an action potential by increasing its ________________
membrane voltage toward threshold
If a few presynaptic cells release neurotransmitter (in a convergence), it may or may not be enough to trigger an action potential in the ____________
postsynaptic cell.
does a strong + stimulus (reaches threshold) cause many or a few sodium gates to open?
many sodium gates to open
inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP): discourages the post-synaptic cell from having an action potential by ___________________
decreasing its membrane voltage away from threshold
If a few presynaptic cells release ________ (in a convergence), it may or may not be enough to trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic cell.
neurotransmitter
encourages 2nd cell to have action potential by trying to raise voltage toward threshold
excitatory post-synaptic potential
does inhibitory post synaptic potential encourage or discourage an action potential?
discourage
does excitatory post-synaptic potential encourage or discourage action potentials
encourage
timing or frequency
temporal
how many are releasing neurotransmitters
spatial summation
toward the brain
afferent
receptors for hormones
target cells
away from the brain
efferent
motor means
movement
stimulus means
change
unconscious
somatic
stronger stimulus in temporal summation
is due to ___________
more frequent release of excitatory neurotransmitter at the same synapse
automatic
autonomic
fibers
axon
weaker stimulus in temporal summation is due to __________
less frequent release of excitatory neurotransmitter at the same synapse
means to change shape
plastic
joints and skeletal muscles are ______
external
internal organs are referred to as ______
viscera
center of homeostasis
hypothalamus
in temporal summation a less frequent release of excitatory neurotransmitter at the same synapse will result in a ________
weaker stimulus
short term
acute
stay in central nervous system and do not leave
inter neuron
the effector organ is always ____
muscles and glands
in temporal summation a more frequent release of excitatory neurotransmitter at the same synapse will result in a _______
stronger stimulus
long term
chronic
in spatial summation a stronger stimulus is due to a greater number of _________________
presynaptic neurons releasing excitatory neurotransmitter
superficial somatic pain is in the _ fibers
A
the time between an action potential ending at the axonal terminal
synaptic delay
in spatial summation a weaker stimulus is due to _______________
fewer presynaptic neurons releasing excitatory neurotransmitter
deep somatic pain is in the _ fibers
C
in spatial summation fewer presynaptic neurons releasing excitatory neurotransmitter will cause
weaker stimulus
in spatial summation a greater number of presynaptic neurons releasing excitatory neurotransmitter will cause a _________
stronger stimulus
end of the presynaptic cell and a new action potential beginning in the axon of the postsynaptic cell
synaptic delay
Throbbing, lasting pain is in the _ fibers
C
does it take longer or faster for an impulse to reach its destination with more synapses in a nerve pathway,
longer
initial sharp pain is in the _ fibers
A
are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands
hormones
major regulatory systems are the ______ &_______
nervous and endocrine
the ______ has rapid electrical signals (“wired”)
nervous system
response is slower, but longer in duration
the endocrine system
are carried throughout the body in the blood
hormones
the _______ relies on circulatory system for transmission (“wireless”)
endocrine system
are chemical messengers made up of proteins or lipids
hormones
long distance chemical messengers
the endocrine system
act on specific target cells within other organs (or other endocrine glands), changing the activity of those cells
hormones
response is rapid, but short in duration
the nervous system
short distance chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)
the nervous system
are controlled through negative feedback regulation
hormones
a division of the nervous system that is responsible for monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside the body
sensory (afferent) input:
light receptors
photoreceptors
type of mechanoreceptor that monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
the master controlling and communicating system of the body functions
the nervous system
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch
mechanoreceptor
a part of the nervous system that involves interpretation of sensory input
integration
type of mechanoreceptors that are (stretch receptors in skeletal muscle), hearing and equilibrium receptors in the ear
proprioceptors
a part of that nervous system that is a response to stimuli by activating effector organs
motor (efferent) output
receptor that monitors changes in solute concentration
osmoreceptors
processes and integrates information coming from and going to the peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
receptor for hot and cold
thermoreceptors
a lot of receptors in a small area will result in
a higher acuity
consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
receptors that detect certain chemicals like smell, taste, blood O2 or CO2
chemoreceptors:
is there new production of nerve cells
no
when you learn, new connections between neurons are made
plasticity of the brain
the area around a sensory receptor
receptive field
since visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers, a common misdiagnosis is __________
Referred Pain
the homeostatic conditions in the brain are monitored and regulated _______ than those of the rest of the body
more closely
the blood-brain barrier is intact walls of _______ with ______ wrapped around them to keep the environment in the brain in a steady state
blood capillaries + astrocyte feet
receptors adapt to sustained stimulus by becoming ______
less responsive
Do Flow of Blood and Blood Pressure to the Brain Greatly Fluctuate?
no
prevents fluctuations in electrolyte concentrations within the brain
blood brain barrier
a constant supply of _____ & _____ are required to supply the ATP
oxygen and glucose
responding to pressure, touch, and smell adapt quickly (body stops noticing quickly)
phasic receptors
the part of the brain responsible for Sensory perception
Cerebral cortex
prevents harmful blood-born substances from reaching the brain
blood brain barrier
the part of the brain responsible for Inhibition of muscle tone
Basal nuclei
may respond slowly, including receptors that respond to chemical levels in the blood
tonic receptors
the part of the brain responsible for Relay station for all synaptic input
Thalamus
prevents circulating hormones from reaching the brain
blood brain barrier
______ & ________ are specialized tonic receptors that do not exhibit adaptation!!!
pain receptors and proprioceptors
the part of the brain responsible for regulation of many homeostatic functions, such as temperature control, thirst, urine output, and food intake
Hypothalamus
when stimulus energy (heat, sound, light, pressure…) must be converted to electrical energy (action potential)
Transduction
_____ is hotter than body temperature
blood
the part of the brain responsible for Maintenance of balance
Cerebellum
spends energy
sympathetic
another name fore diuresis
urination, micturition
the stronger the stimulus, the more change in ______
permeability
saves energy
parasympathetic
the part of the brain responsible for Origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
brief sharp, pricking pain arising from skin, muscles or joints
superficial somatic pain
cause more inflammatory chemicals (e.g., histamines, prostaglandins) to be released for healing.
Bradykinins
sensitive to pain-causing stimuli; important safety mechanism, but may cause suffering
nociceptors
burning, itching or aching of skin, muscles or joints; lasts longer than superficial & always indicates tissue destruction
deep somatic pain
over stimulation of ANY receptor is _________
painful
Tissue injury causes cells to release inflammatory chemicals including________
bradykinins (very potent pain-producers).
true or false.. all receptors can act as nociceptors
true
aching or burning of injured organs in thoracic or abdominal cavities
visceral pain
heavily myelinated axons that transmit impulses quickly; sensitive to weak stimuli and responsible for first sharp pain felt upon injury
A fibers
awareness of stimulus
sensation
are free nerve endings of neurons found throughout the entire body except for most of the brain
pain receptors
specialized senses:
vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium
unmyelinated axons that transmit impulses more slowly; sensitive to strong stimuli and responsible for second dull or burning pain, cramping, warmth, itch, and sensual touch
C fibers
input about homeostatic conditions usually never reaches a ___________
conscious awareness level
pain receptors are found throughout the body except some parts of _____
the brain
the part of the brain responsible for voluntary control of movement
Cerebral cortex
the part of the brain responsible for Enhancement of muscle tone
Cerebellum
which is faster, an A fiber or a C fiber?
A fiber
somatic (general) sensation:
touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain (variations of pain)
interpretation of stimulus meaning, occur in the brain
perception
which fiber is unmilenated A or C?
C fiber
carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain
sensory afferent fibers:
the part of the brain responsible for cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control centers
Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla
the Peripheral Nervous System two Functional Divisions
sensory and motor
two divisions of the motor division are
somatic and autonomic
the sensory division is afferent or efferent?
afferent
the part of the brain responsible for Coordination of slow, sustained movements
Basal nuclei
transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain
visceral afferent fibers:
transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs
motor division
the motor division is afferent or efferent?
efferent
the part of the brain responsible for the Important link between nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
conscious control of skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
the part of the brain responsible for Crude awareness of sensation
Thalamus
the part of the brain responsible for Language
Cerebral cortex
subconscious regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands through dual innervation
autonomic nervous system
the part of the brain responsible for Coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity
Cerebellum
the part of the brain responsible for Suppression of useless patterns of movements
Basal nuclei
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
the part of the brain responsible for Regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture
Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
cluster of nerve cell bodies
ganglion
the part of the brain responsible for some degree of consciousness
Thalamus
the part of the brain responsible for Extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns
Hypothalamus
innervates cardiac and smooth muscle, most exocrine glands and some endocrine glands.
Autonomic division
is the “fight-or-flight” system
the sympathetic division
found on postganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic ganglia
nicotinic receptors
the part of the brain responsible for Role in motor control
Thalamus
adrenergic receptors types
alpha (α) receptors
beta (β) receptors
heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep
-the skin is cool (at first), and the pupils dilate
sympathetic division
bind to ACh
cholinergic receptors
the part of the brain responsible for Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord;
arousal and activation of cerebral cortex
Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine
adrenergic receptors
blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased
sympathetic division
the part of the brain responsible for Role in sleep-wake cycle
Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
each neurotransmitter can _____ activity on some organs and ______ activity in others
stimulate, inhibit
found on effector cell membranes
muscarinic receptors
involves E activities – exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment AND FEAR
sympathetic
the part of the brain responsible for Sophisticated mental events, such as thinking memory, decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness
cerebral cortex
response depends on the ________ on the tissue cells
type of receptor
the types of autonomic receptors are
cholinergic receptors – bind to ACh
adrenergic receptors – bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine
is a Modified Part of the Sympathetic Nervous System
The Adrenal Medulla
pupils of the eye dilate sweating occurs heart rate increases bronchioles dilate motility for digestion is inhibited liver: glycogen is converted into glucose urine production is inhibited
sympathetic division
involves the D activities – digestion, defecation, and diuresis
parasympathetic division
reinforces the effect of the sympathetic nerve pathways
The Adrenal Medulla
true or false most organs are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways,
true
innervates cardiac and smooth muscle, most exocrine glands and some endocrine glands
Autonomic Nervous System
produces norepinephrine (20%) and epinephrine (80%)
The Adrenal Medulla
concerned with keeping body energy use low
parasympathetic division
neurotransmitters at effector organs (parasympathetic)
acetylcholine (ACh)
