lab exam 2

Question 1

is cardiac muscle neurogenic or myogenic

Answer 1

myogenic

Question 2

what is the difference beween a neurogenic muscle and a myogenic muscle?

Answer 2

neurogenic- nervous system initiates

myogenic- self generating

Question 3

if cardiac muscle were suddenly under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system, heart rate would _______ and contraction force would _______

Answer 3

increase

Question 4

would you find greater concentration of sodium ions inside or outside of a cardiac muscle cell

Answer 4

outside

Question 5

in the cardiac muscle lab what solution was used to keep the frog heart moist

Answer 5

ringers solution

Question 6

if cardiac muscle were suddenly under the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system, heart rate would _______ and contraction force would _______

Answer 6

decrease

Question 7

would you find greater concentration of potassium ions inside or outside of a cardiac muscle cell

Answer 7

inside

Question 8

in the cardiac muscle lab an ___ inch fish hook was used

Answer 8

18

Question 9

in the cardiac muscle lab the fishhook is placed on a ___ angle

Answer 9

right

Question 10

in the cardiac muscle lab when reading the heart rate the first bump is the ____________ and the second bump is the _______________

Answer 10

atrial contraction

ventricle contraction

Question 11

in the cardiac muscle lab when added norepinephrine the heart rate ______ and the rate/force ________

Answer 11

increases, increases

Question 12

in the cardiac muscle lab when added acetylcholine the heart rate ______ and the rate/force ________

Answer 12

decreases, decreases

Question 13

in the cardiac muscle lab when added atropine the heart rate ______ and the rate/force ________

Answer 13

increases, increases

Question 14

in the cardiac muscle lab when added NaCl the heart rate ______ and the rate/force ________

Answer 14

increases, increases

Question 15

in the cardiac muscle lab when added KCl the heart rate ______ and the rate/force ________

Answer 15

decreases, decreases

Question 16

in the cardiac muscle lab when added calcium chloride the heart rate ______ and the rate/force ________

Answer 16

decreases, increases

Question 17

in the cardiac muscle lab the ______ of the heart is removed

Answer 17

pericardium

Question 18

in the cardiac muscle lab how do you figure out beats per minute when reading heart rate

Answer 18

60 seconds divided by wave duration

Question 19

in the cardiac muscle lab how do you calculate wave duration

Answer 19

M marker at the peak of the wave, cursor at the next peak

Question 20

in the cardiac muscle lab how do you measure contraction force

Answer 20

M marker at the base of the wave, cursor at the peak

Question 21

in the cardiac muscle lab under what conditions will norepinephrine be released

Answer 21

sympathetic

Question 22

in the cardiac muscle lab what is the effect of norepinephrine on heart rate and contractility

Answer 22

they will go up

Question 23

in the cardiac muscle lab under what types of conditions will ACh be released

Answer 23

parasympathetic

Question 24

in the cardiac muscle lab what is the effect of ACh on heart rate and contractility

Answer 24

they will go down

Question 25

in the cardiac muscle lab what is the effect of atropine on heart rate and contractility

Answer 25

they will go up

Question 26

in the cardiac muscle lab how does excess sodium effect the heart

Answer 26

rate and contractility go up

Question 27

in the cardiac muscle lab how does excess potassium effect the heart

Answer 27

rate and contractility go down

Question 28

in the cardiac muscle lab how does excess calcium effect the heart

Answer 28

rate goes down and contractility goes up

Question 29

in the cardiac muscle lab what occurred when epinephrine was added to the frogs heart?

Answer 29

when epinephrine was added to the frogs heart, the heart rate (beats per minute) increased. However, atrial wave amplitude and ventricular wave amplitude decreased.

Question 30

in the cardiac muscle lab what happened when acetylcholine was added to the frogs heart?

Answer 30

when ACh was added to the frogs heart the heart rate (bpm) decreased, as did the atrial wave amplitude. Note, ventricular wave amplitude increased as a result of adding ACh.

Question 31

in the cardiac muscle lab what happened when atropine was added to the frogs heart?

Answer 31

when atropine was added to the frogs heart, heart rate increased ( beats per minute). however, atrial wave and ventricular wave decreased.

Question 32

in the cardiac muscle lab on a cellular level what is the mode of action of atropine?

Answer 32

atropine blocks the action of the Vagus nerve. Atropine is an antagonist of Acetylcholine.

Question 33

In the intestinal motility lab when norepinephrine is added to the gut, the activity _______

Answer 33

decreases

Question 34

In the intestinal motility lab when ACH is added to the gut, the activity _______

Answer 34

increases

Question 35

In the intestinal motility lab when atropine is added to the gut, the activity _______

Answer 35

decreases

Question 36

what type of muscle is found within the walls of the small intestine

Answer 36

smooth

Question 37

is the muscle within the wall of the small intestine myogenic, neurogenic or both

Answer 37

both. myogenic because they move on their own and neurogenic because they respond to autonomic nervous system

Question 38

name the two types of motility seen in the small intestine

Answer 38

peristalsis ( wave like propulsion, push forward)

segmentation (shaking/mixing)

Question 39

would you expect motility to increase or decrease if the small intestine were being stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

decrease

Question 40

what kind of intestine was used In the intestinal motility lab

Answer 40

rat

Question 41

In the intestinal motility lab what is the solution used to keep the intestine saturated

Answer 41

tyrode

Question 42

In the intestinal motility lab what is the ideal temperature because it mimic body temp

Answer 42

37 degrees C

Question 43

would you expect motility to increase or decrease if the small intestine were being stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 43

increase

Question 44

In the intestinal motility lab what chemicals were used

Answer 44

norepinephrine, acetylcholine, atropine

Question 45

In the intestinal motility lab what is used to keep the temperature

Answer 45

alcohol lamp

Question 46

In the intestinal motility lab temperatures must be between ______ to keep the intestine alive

Answer 46

36-39 degrees C

Question 47

In the intestinal motility lab how do you determine duration of a wave

Answer 47

M marker at the peak of a wave and cursor at the next peak

Question 48

In the intestinal motility lab how do you calculate contractions per minute

Answer 48

divide 60 by the duration

Question 49

In the intestinal motility lab how do you determine amplitude of a wave

Answer 49

M marker at base, cursor at peak

Question 50

In the intestinal motility lab Rhythmic Contractions of Intestinal Muscle are initiated by

Answer 50

Rhythmic Contractions of Intestinal Muscle are initiated by

Question 51

In the intestinal motility lab Epinephrine on gut muscle

Answer 51

Decreased Motility/ Slowed Down Contraction of Intestine

Question 52

In the intestinal motility lab ACH (Acetylcholine) on gut muscle

Answer 52

Increased Motility/ Speeds Up Contraction of Intestine, Increased secretions

Question 53

In the intestinal motility lab what are these contractions called

Answer 53

Peristalsis

Question 54

In the intestinal motility lab Atropine on gut muscle

Answer 54

Decreased, Slows down contractions (ACh antagonist)

Question 55

In the intestinal motility lab What occurs to gut muscle during exercise

Answer 55

Sympathetic stimulation which releases neurotransmitter Epinephrine this causes an increase in heart rate and a decrease in intestinal motility (gut activity). Parasympathetic activity is inhibited.

Question 56

In the intestinal motility lab What occurs to gut muscle during rest

Answer 56

Parasympathetic stimulation which releases neurotransmitter ACh (Acteylcholine) causing a decrease in heartrate and an increase in intestinal motility (gut activity). Sympathetic activity is inhibited.

Question 57

In the intestinal motility lab Explain Atropine’s effect on the gut muscle

Answer 57

Blocks the effect of ACh.

Question 58

in the electrocardiogram lab the ____ is an indirect measurement of the electrical activity of the heart. Electrical changes which occur during depolarization and repolarization of the heart are amplified and displayed in a graphic record

Answer 58

ECG

Question 59

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if SA node autorhythmically depolarizes

Answer 59

electrical

Question 60

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if wave of depolarization spreads through the cardiac muscle cells of the atria

Answer 60

electrical

Question 61

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if atrial muscle cells contract

Answer 61

mechanical

Question 62

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if action potential is delayed at the AV node

Answer 62

electrical

Question 63

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if depolarization moves through the bundle of his and the purkinje fibers

Answer 63

electrical

Question 64

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if wave of depolarization spreads through the cardiac muscle cells of the ventricle

Answer 64

electrical

Question 65

in the electrocardiogram lab is it electrical or mechanical if ventricular muscle cells contract

Answer 65

mechanical

Question 66

in the electrocardiogram lab what does the P wave represent

Answer 66

atrial depolarization

Question 67

in the electrocardiogram lab what does the QRS complex represent

Answer 67

ventricular depolarization or atrial repolarization

Question 68

in the electrocardiogram lab what does the T wave represent

Answer 68

ventricular repolarization

Question 69

in the electrocardiogram lab 1 large square = ____ small squares and ____ seconds

Answer 69

5 squares, 0.2 seconds

Question 70

in the electrocardiogram lab 5 large square = ____ seconds

Answer 70

one second

Question 71

in the electrocardiogram lab 30 large square = ____ second

Answer 71

6 seconds

Question 72

in the electrocardiogram lab the paper speed is ___ small squares/second

Answer 72

25

Question 73

in the electrocardiogram lab one small square is ___ seconds

Answer 73

0.04

Question 74

in the electrocardiogram lab after the S in the QRS complex lab is the _______ line

Answer 74

isoelectric

Question 75

in the electrocardiogram lab what is occurring during the PR interval

Answer 75

atria will contract

Question 76

in the electrocardiogram lab what is occurring during the ST interval

Answer 76

ventricles will contract

Question 77

in the electrocardiogram lab what is the normal duration of the P wave _____ seconds and more than __ small square but less than _____ small squares

Answer 77

0.06- 0.11 seconds, more than 1 square but less than 3

Question 78

in the electrocardiogram lab what is the normal duration of the QRS complex? less than ____ seconds and less than ___ small square

Answer 78

less than 0.12 seconds & less than 3 small squares

Question 79

in the electrocardiogram lab how much time elapses between the start of the QRS and the start of the thumb pulse

Answer 79

0.32 seconds

Question 80

in the electrocardiogram lab what are the 3 specific reasons that there is a delay in time between the start of the QRS complex and the start of the thumb pulse

Answer 80

ventricles take time to depolarize

ventricles take time to contract

travel of pulse wave to the thumb takes place

Question 81

in the electrocardiogram lab can you wear jewelry

Answer 81

no

Question 82

in the electrocardiogram lab what electrode placement do we use

Answer 82

lead II

Question 83

in the electrocardiogram lab can you move or talk

Answer 83

no

Question 84

in the electrocardiogram lab how do you determine BPM

Answer 84

60 divided by duration

Question 85

in the electrocardiogram lab how do you calculate pulse transit time

Answer 85

M marker at start of QRS in channel 3, cursor at start of next thumb pulse in channel 2

Question 86

in the electrocardiogram lab lead I, left arm ____, right arm ___ & left leg ____

Answer 86

black, white, green

Question 87

in the electrocardiogram lab lead II, left arm ____, right arm ___ & left leg ____

Answer 87

green, white, black

Question 88

in the electrocardiogram lab lead III, left arm ____, right arm ___ & left leg ____

Answer 88

white, green, black

Question 89

in the electrocardiogram lab how many electrodes are used

Answer 89

3

Question 90

in the electrocardiogram lab was a dutch scientist who developed the first external mechanism for recording small electrical waves produced by the heart

Answer 90

willem einthoven

Question 91

in the blood pressure lab the most common, indirect means of measuring blood pressure is done by using a ______ and a _______

Answer 91

sphygmomanometer, stethoscope

Question 92

in the blood pressure lab when measuring blood pressure the sound occurs in the ________ as the pressure of the cuff is lowered

Answer 92

brachial artery

Question 93

in the blood pressure lab the pressure of the cuff _____ the artery

Answer 93

collapses

Question 94

in the blood pressure lab when the cuff pressure being to fall below the ______ pressure in the artery, blood begins to to the arm. This flow is _______ rather than streamlined

Answer 94

systolic. turbulent

Question 95

in the blood pressure lab the sound that you hear once you release the cuff

Answer 95

korotkoff sounds

Question 96

in the blood pressure lab when a sound is first herd it approximates _______ pressure

Answer 96

systolic

Question 97

in the blood pressure lab when a sound is no longer herd it approximates _______ pressure

Answer 97

diastolic

Question 98

in the blood pressure lab what causes the first korotkoff sound

Answer 98

blood enters the empty artery and slaps up against the wall

Question 99

in the blood pressure lab what causes the disappearance of the last korotkoff sound

Answer 99

the artery is filled with blood and the blood no longer slaps against the wall

Question 100

in the blood pressure lab what heart event is the systolic pressure associated with

Answer 100

ventricular contraction

Question 101

in the blood pressure lab what heart event is the diastolic pressure associated with

Answer 101

ventricular relaxation

Question 102

in the blood pressure lab what is the term given to someone 140/90

Answer 102

hypertension

Question 103

in the blood pressure lab define pulse pressure

Answer 103

systolic - diastolic ( how strong the pulse feels)

Question 104

in the blood pressure lab you have the cuff layed out flat on the table with the valve _____ but make sure to _____ the valve

Answer 104

open, closed

Question 105

in the blood pressure lab the tubes which exit the cuff should be positioned over the ______ as well as the ___ of the stethoscope

Answer 105

brachial artery, bell

Question 106

in the blood pressure lab you pump the bulb until you reach a pressure of _______mmHg do not inflate over ______mmHg

Answer 106

160-180mmhg

Question 107

in the blood pressure lab how do you calculate heart rate

Answer 107

palpate the carotid artery. count the number of pulses felp in 10 seconds, multiply by 6 the minute heart rate

Question 108

in the blood pressure lab how do you calculate blood pressure

Answer 108

using a portable sphgmomanometer the theblood pressure in usual manner

Question 109

in the blood pressure lab how do you calculate respiratory rate

Answer 109

watch the thorax of the subject, counting the number of respiratory cycles in 30 seconds. double to obtain minute rate

Question 110

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the heart rate

Answer 110

increases

Question 111

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the stroke volume

Answer 111

increases

Question 112

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the overall peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction of both arterioles and veins

Answer 112

increases

Question 113

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the overall venous return

Answer 113

increases

Question 114

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the total cardiac output

Answer 114

increases

Question 115

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the sympathetic nervous stimulation

Answer 115

increases

Question 116

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the parasympathetic nervous stimulation

Answer 116

decreases

Question 117

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the rate of oxygen use by active cells

Answer 117

increases

Question 118

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the rate of carbon dioxide production by active cells

Answer 118

increases

Question 119

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the oxygen level in active muscles

Answer 119

decreases then returns to homeostatic set point

Question 120

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the blood pH

Answer 120

increases then returns to homeostatic set point

Question 121

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the magnitude of respirations

Answer 121

increases

Question 122

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the respiration rate

Answer 122

increases

Question 123

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the blood flow to active skeletal muscles

Answer 123

increases

Question 124

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the blood flow to intestines and kidneys

Answer 124

decreases

Question 125

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the blood flow to cardiac muscle

Answer 125

increases

Question 126

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the blood flow to skin

Answer 126

increases

Question 127

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the blood flow to brain

Answer 127

increases

Question 128

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the pressure gradient of venous return

Answer 128

increases

Question 129

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the venous return of skeletal muscle pump

Answer 129

increases

Question 130

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the venous return of respiratory pump

Answer 130

increases

Question 131

in the blood pressure lab, when one goes from rest to exercise the venous return of venous vasoconstriction

Answer 131

increases

Question 132

in the hematocrit lab whole blood is made up of ____ & ____

Answer 132

plasma & formed components

Question 133

in the hematocrit lab formed components are

Answer 133

RBC, WBC,platlets

Question 134

in the hematocrit lab a ______ is used to seperate the components. where the ______ components collect at the bottom

Answer 134

centrifuge, heavier

Question 135

in the hematocrit lab ______ are the heaviest component

Answer 135

RBC

Question 136

in the hematocrit lab centrifuge blood is used to measure

Answer 136

the percent of RBC in the total blood volume

Question 137

in the hematocrit lab, this is a good test to see if someone is ______ or making too many

Answer 137

anemic, RBC

Question 138

in the hematocrit lab the normal hematocrit range for men is

Answer 138

42-54

Question 139

in the hematocrit lab the normal hematocrit range for women is

Answer 139

38-46

Question 140

in the hematocrit lab, it is also called a ________test

Answer 140

packed cell

Question 141

in the hematocrit lab _____ is a liquid connective tissue

Answer 141

blood

Question 142

in the hematocrit lab the layers go ______, _____ & _____

Answer 142

plasma (nonliving matrix)

buffy coat (WBC & platlets)

RBC

Question 143

in the hematocrit lab what is is measuring

Answer 143

percentage of cells in blood

Question 144

in the hematocrit lab what is polycythemia

Answer 144

high RBC count

Question 145

in the hematocrit lab what materials form the buffy coat

Answer 145

WBC & platelets

Question 146

in the hematocrit lab when you read a hematocrit chart the clay plug is at ____ and the platelet line is at the _____

Answer 146

0, top

Question 147

in the hematocrit lab what is the difference between plasma and serum

Answer 147

serum is plasma without proteins

Question 148

in the differential white blood cell count if neutrophils are high you should suspect

Answer 148

bacteria

Question 149

in the differential white blood cell count if lymphocytes are high you should suspect

Answer 149

viruses

Question 150

in the differential white blood cell count if eosinophils are high you should suspect _________ or _______

Answer 150

parasitic worms, allergies

Question 151

in the differential white blood cell count if lymphocytes are low you should suspect

Answer 151

aids

Question 152

in the differential white blood cell count if immature neutrophils are high you should suspect

Answer 152

acute bacterial infections

Question 153

in the differential white blood cell count ______ shaped neutrophils are ________ neutrophils just entering ________

Answer 153

band, replacement, circulation

Question 154

in the differential white blood cell count mature neutrophils have ______ nuclei

Answer 154

segmented

Question 155

in the differential white blood cell count a-typical lymphocytes are an important indicator of

Answer 155

infectious mononucleosis

Question 156

in the differential white blood cell count a-typical lymphocytes are transformed __ lymphocytes responding to __ lymphocytes which are infected with __________

Answer 156

T, B, epstein-bar virus

Question 157

in the differential white blood cell count a-typical lymphocyte are irregularly shaped because the ______ is frequently indented surrounding red blood cells

Answer 157

cytoplasm

Question 158

in the differential white blood cell count if neutrophils are high you should suspect

Answer 158

bacteria

Question 159

in the differential white blood cell count if lymphocytes are high you should suspect

Answer 159

viruses

Question 160

in the differential white blood cell count if eosinophils are high you should suspect _________ or _______

Answer 160

parasitic worms, allergies

Question 161

in the differential white blood cell count if lymphocytes are low you should suspect

Answer 161

aids

Question 162

in the differential white blood cell count if immature neutrophils are high you should suspect

Answer 162

acute bacterial infections

Question 163

in the differential white blood cell count ______ shaped neutrophils are ________ neutrophils just entering ________

Answer 163

band, replacement, circulation

Question 164

in the differential white blood cell count mature neutrophils have ______ nuclei

Answer 164

segmented

Question 165

in the differential white blood cell count a-typical lymphocytes are an important indicator of

Answer 165

infectious mononucleosis

Question 166

in the differential white blood cell count a-typical lymphocytes are transformed __ lymphocytes responding to __ lymphocytes which are infected with __________

Answer 166

T, B, epstein-bar virus

Question 167

in the differential white blood cell count what concerns should you have if he patient has mononucleosis is a high school football player

Answer 167

spleen could burst and it is a contact sport

Question 168

in the blood typing lab an antigen is an ________

Answer 168

identifier

Question 169

in the blood typing lab an antibody is a ________

Answer 169

protein warrior

Question 170

in the blood typing lab Rhesus + can accept

Answer 170

+ or -

Question 171

in the blood typing lab Rhesus - can accept

Answer 171

• only

Question 172

in the blood typing lab RBC have _______ on their membrane

Answer 172

proteins

Question 173

in the differential white blood cell count what is the normal percentage for eosinophils

Answer 173

0-5%

Question 174

in the differential white blood cell count what is the normal percentage for basophils

Answer 174

0-2%

Question 175

in the differential white blood cell count when there is atypical lymphocytes plus high lymphocytes

Answer 175

viral mononucleosis

Question 176

if your patient has a high percentage of eosinophils what would be a god follow up question to ask

Answer 176

if they have traveled outside of the country lately

Question 177

in the blood typing lab he proteins on RBC membranes are called

Answer 177

antigens

Question 178

in the blood typing lab the ABO system of blood typing is based on which type of _______ you have or dont have on our RBC membrane

Answer 178

antigens

Question 179

in the urinalysis lab urine is primary made up of water some _______ and organic materials such as _______. the concentration of these varies on the persons _____, ______ and degree of _______

Answer 179

salts, urea, health, diet, activity

Question 180

in the urinalysis lab it is used to determine the

Answer 180

general health of a person

Question 181

in the urinalysis lab the normal pH of urine falls between _______ with an average of ______

Answer 181

4.5-8.0, 6

Question 182

in the urinalysis lab acidic urine may indicate _________, ________, ______ & or ________

Answer 182

metabolic or respiratory acidosis , uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, dehydration

Question 183

in the urinalysis lab basic alkalosis urine may indicate ___________, _______ or ________

Answer 183

metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, UTI, renal failure

Question 184

in the urinalysis lab the ______ protein in he urine indicated possible kidney disease

Answer 184

albumin

Question 185

in the blood typing lab your blood type comes from

Answer 185

your parents genetically

Question 186

in the blood typing lab you use a ________ to poke your finger

Answer 186

lancet

Question 187

in the blood typing lab What causes the clumping observed?

Answer 187

Clumping involves a chemical reaction between antigen on surface of red blood cell and protein antibodies in plasma or liquid part of the blood.

Question 188

in the blood typing lab What is the difference between clumping and clotting

Answer 188

clotting refers to the hemostasis process that occurs in the body when there is some injury to a blood vessel and blood loss needs to be stopped.

Clumping of red blood cell occurs when different blood types are mixed together.

Question 189

in the urinalysis lab urine is primary made up of water some _______ and organic materials such as _______. the concentration of these varies on the persons _____, ______ and degree of _______

Answer 189

salts, urea, health, diet, activity

Question 190

in the urinalysis lab it is used to determine the

Answer 190

general health of a person

Question 191

in the urinalysis lab the normal pH of urine falls between _______ with an average of ______

Answer 191

4.5-8.0, 6

Question 192

in the urinalysis lab acidic urine may indicate _________, ________, ______ & or ________

Answer 192

metabolic or respiratory acidosis , uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, dehydration

Question 193

in the urinalysis lab basic alkalosis urine may indicate ___________, _______ or ________

Answer 193

metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, UTI, renal failure

Question 194

in the urinalysis lab the ______ protein in he urine indicated possible kidney disease

Answer 194

albumin

Question 195

in the urinalysis lab vegetarian diets increase ______ in urine as well as _______

Answer 195

alkalinity, bacterial infections

Question 196

in the urinalysis lab yeast in the urine indiates ______ or ______

Answer 196

UTI, yeast infection

Question 197

in the urinalysis lab the color of urine is usually

Answer 197

light yellow to amber

Question 198

in the urinalysis lab the greater solute concentration the ______ the color

Answer 198

deeper

Question 199

in the urinalysis lab the yellow color of urine is do to the presence of

Answer 199

urochrome

Question 200

in the urinalysis lab changes in urine color can be due to ____ & ______

Answer 200

drugs and vegetables

Question 201

in the urinalysis lab normal urine is _______ and becomes _____ upon standing

Answer 201

transparent, cloudy

Question 202

in the urinalysis lab cloudy urine may be evidence of _____ , ___, ____, _______, _________, _______

Answer 202

phosphates, uric acid, mucus, bacteria, epithelial cells, leukocytes

Question 203

in the urinalysis lab high protein diets increase _____ in urine

Answer 203

acidity

Question 204

in the urinalysis lab vegetarian diets increase ______ in urine as well as _______

Answer 204

alkalinity, bacterial infections

Question 205

in the urinalysis lab normal specific gravity is _____ average range _______

Answer 205

1. 005-1.035

1. 010-1.025

Question 206

in the urinalysis lab normal specific gravity is _____ average range ______

Answer 206

1. 005-1.035

1. 010-1.025

Question 207

in the urinalysis lab the ________ of urine is a measurement of density (how concentrated or dilute a sample may be)

Answer 207

specific gravity

Question 208

in the urinalysis lab the presence of ketones and glucose means

Answer 208

diabetes mellitus

Question 209

in the urinalysis lab the presence of WBC and nitrate indicate a

Answer 209

UTI

Question 210

in the urinalysis lab excess RBC may not be a prolem if from the

Answer 210

uterus

Question 211

in the urinalysis lab true or false albumin is normally too large to pass through the glomerulus

Answer 211

true, indicates abnormal increased permeability

Question 212

in the urinalysis lab nonpathological reasons for albumin in the urine would be

Answer 212

pregnancy, physical exertion, increased protein consumption,

Question 213

in the urinalysis lab the majority of urobilinogen is eliminated in the______ but small amounts are reabsorbed into the blood from the intestines and then excreted into the ______

Answer 213

feces, urine

Question 214

in the urinalysis lab causes of abnormal urobilinogen is due to

Answer 214

hemolytic anemia, liver disease

Question 215

in the urinalysis lab normally filtered glucose is reabsorbed by the ________ and returned to the blood by ________

Answer 215

renal tubules, carrier molecules

Question 216

in the urinalysis lab if blood glucose levels exceed the amount that cane be reabsorbed, the remaining glucose will spill over into the _______ main cause being _____

Answer 216

urine, diabetes mellitus

Question 217

in the urinalysis lab _______ comes from the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC

Answer 217

biliruben

Question 218

in the urinalysis lab the globin portion of the hemoglobin is split off and the heme groups (iron containing protein) of hemoglobin are converted into the pigment _____

Answer 218

biliruben

Question 219

in the urinalysis lab biliruben is transported in the blood to the _____

Answer 219

liver

Question 220

in the urinalysis lab some biliruben is used to produce ____ and is released into small intestines

Answer 220

bile

Question 221

in the urinalysis lab causes of abnormal biliruben in he urine would be

Answer 221

liver disorders, cirrhosis, hepaitis, obstruction of bile ducts

Question 222

in the urinalysis lab biliruben is converted into ________ in the small intestine,

Answer 222

urobilinogen

Question 223

in the respiration lab what does a pulse oximeter measure

Answer 223

measured oxygen level (saturation) in the blood on the hemoglobin

Question 224

in the respiration lab how does a pulse oximeter work

Answer 224

comparing how much red light and infra red light is absorbed

Question 225

in the urinalysis lab ________ is the presence of hemoglobin in he urine

Answer 225

hemoglobinuria

Question 226

in the urinalysis lab hemoglobin in the urine causes ________, ___________, __________ & __________

Answer 226

hemolytic anemia, blood transfusion reactions, massive burns & renal disease

Question 227

in the urinalysis lab ________ is the presence of intact erythrocytes in the urine and is almost always ______

Answer 227

hematuria, pathological

Question 228

in the urinalysis lab causes of hematuria in urine

Answer 228

kidney stones, tumors, glomerulonephritis, physical trauma

Question 229

in the urinalysis lab the presence of leukocytes in urine is referred to as ______ (pus in urine)

Answer 229

pyuria

Question 230

in the urinalysis lab causes of pyuria woud be

Answer 230

UTI

Question 231

in the urinalysis lab_______ is when bacteria is present in the urine

Answer 231

nitrite

Question 232

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate what happens to the arterial blood oxygen levels

Answer 232

increase a little bit (already have a lot of O2)

Question 233

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate what happens to the arterial blood carbon dioxide levels

Answer 233

decrease breathing of carbon dioxide

Question 234

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate what happens to the arterial blood pH

Answer 234

increase getting rid of acid with exhalation

Question 235

in the respiration lab what is the normal range for SpO2

Answer 235

95%-99%

Question 236

in the respiration lab what is hypoxemia

Answer 236

abnormally low concentration of oxygen in blood

Question 237

in the respiration lab what conditions might cause hypoxemia

Answer 237

lung disease, anemia, high altitude

Question 238

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate into a bag what happens to the arterial blood pH

Answer 238

decreased because carbon dioxide goes up

Question 239

in the respiration lab which is more important in regulating your breathing, oxygen or carbon dioxide

Answer 239

carbon dioxide, you only exhale to get rid of it

Question 240

in the respiration lab as you hold your breath what happens to the arterial blood carbon dioxide levels

Answer 240

increases because you cant exhale it

Question 241

in the respiration lab as you hold your breath what happens to the arterial blood pH

Answer 241

decrease because carbon dioxide goes up

Question 242

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate what happens to the arterial blood oxygen levels

Answer 242

increase a little bit (already have a lot of O2)

Question 243

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate what happens to the arterial blood carbon dioxide levels

Answer 243

decrease breathing of carbon dioxide

Question 244

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate what happens to the arterial blood pH

Answer 244

increase getting rid of acid with exhalation

Question 245

in the respiration lab ________ is the same as holding your breath

Answer 245

hyperventilate into a bag

Question 246

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate into a bag what happens to arterial blood oxygen levels

Answer 246

decrease a little

Question 247

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate into a bag what happens to arterial blood carbon dioxide levels

Answer 247

increase because you cant exhale

Question 248

in the respiration lab as you hyperventilate into a bag what happens to the arterial blood pH

Answer 248

decreased because carbon dioxide goes up

Question 249

in the respiration lab which is more important in regulating your breathing, oxygen or carbon dioxide

Answer 249

carbon dioxide, you only exhale to get rid of it

Question 250

in the respiration lab when you forcefully exhale after a forceful inhalation and the standard amount is _____ml

Answer 250

vital capacity, 4800ml

Question 251

in the respiration lab vital capacity is measured using a

Answer 251

spirometer

Question 252

in the respiration lab when you hold your breath until you cant and you take a sip of water what happens to your urge to breathe & why

Answer 252

it goes away because when you swallow your brain makes it so you’re not able to breathe ( deglutition apnea reflex )

Question 253

in the respiration lab of what value is this deglutition apnea reflex

Answer 253

anti choking

Question 254

Compare the respiratory rate and the magnitude of the breaths between normal breathing and during the recovery from breath holding.

Answer 254

Normal breathing decrease in breathes per minute and increases magnitude of breathes (wave amplitude).

Whereas, recovery from breath holding increases breathes per minute and decrease magnitude of breathes (wave amplitude)

Question 255

in the respiration lab when the subject reads out loud it looks

Answer 255

small waves with random peaks

Question 256

in the respiration lab when the subject coughs it looks

Answer 256

extreme rise and fall

Question 257

in the respiration lab the _________ is preformed by forcible exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing ones mouth and pinching ones nose shut

Answer 257

valsalva maneuver

Question 258

in the respiration lab valsalva maneuver can be used to test _________ & ___________ or to _______

Answer 258

cardiac function & autonomic nervous control of the heart, clear the ears and sinuses

Question 259

Why are the four breath holding values different?

Answer 259

Different activity levels require different O2 levels.

Question 260

Why is carbon dioxide more important in regulating breathing?

Answer 260

Too much CO2 creates respiratory acidosis.

Too little CO2 creates respiratory alkalosis

Question 261

As you do the Valsalva maneuver what happens to the strength of the pulse?

Answer 261

increases

Question 262

Does the % saturation of hemoglobin change significantly during breath holding?

Answer 262

no remains the same

Question 263

Does the % saturation of hemoglobin change significantly during hyperventilation?

Answer 263

no remains the same

Question 264

Compare the respiratory rate and the magnitude of the breaths between normal breathing and during the recovery from breath holding.

Answer 264

Normal breathing decrease in breathes per minute and increases magnitude of breathes (wave amplitude).
Whereas, recovery from breath holding increases breathes per minute and decrease magnitude of breathes (wave amplitude)

Question 265

How do these changes help to restore homeostasis

Answer 265

These changes help restore homeostasis through proper gas exchange and regulation of blood pH.

Rapid breathing after recovery is to expel accumulated CO2 waste and allows oxgen to get to O2 deprived organs for ATP (cellular respiration).

Question 266

After Valsalva maneuver what happens to the strength of the pulse?

Answer 266

decreases

Question 267

in the digestive enzyme lab _______ are protein catalysts and function to speed cellular reactions

Answer 267

enzymes

Question 268

in the digestive enzyme lab enzyme goes through 4 stages

Answer 268

substrate and enzyme are available

substrate binds to enzymes active site

substrate is converted to produts

products are released

Question 269

in the digestive enzyme lab can enzymes be recycled

Answer 269

yes

Question 270

in the digestive enzyme lab enzymes are made of ____

Answer 270

proteins

Question 271

in the digestive enzyme lab true or false one enzyme is used up with each chemical reaction

Answer 271

false

Question 272

in the digestive enzyme lab warmer temp makes reaction go

Answer 272

faster

Question 273

in the digestive enzyme lab cooler temp makes reaction go

Answer 273

slower

Question 274

in the digestive enzyme lab a pH that is more acidic than the optimum will work

Answer 274

slower

Question 275

in the digestive enzyme lab a pH hat is more basic than the optimum will work

Answer 275

faster

Question 276

in the digestive enzyme lab extreme ________ and extreme _____ can cause enzyme to become denatured

Answer 276

extreme temp and extreme pH

Question 277

in the digestive enzyme lab pepsin is produced in the

Answer 277

stomach

Question 278

in the digestive enzyme lab pepsin works in the

Answer 278

stomach

Question 279

in the digestive enzyme lab the substrate for pepsin is

Answer 279

[protein

Question 280

in the digestive enzyme lab the products of pepsin are

Answer 280

amino acids

Question 281

in the digestive enzyme lab optimum pH for pepsin is

Answer 281

1.2- 2.0

Question 282

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsin produced in the

Answer 282

pancreas

Question 283

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsin works in the

Answer 283

small intestine

Question 284

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsins substrate is

Answer 284

proteins

Question 285

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsins products are

Answer 285

amino acids

Question 286

in the digestive enzyme lab the optimum pH for trypsin is

Answer 286

7.5- 8.0

Question 287

in the digestive enzyme lab lipase is produced in the ___ & _____

Answer 287

pancreas & small intestine

Question 288

in the digestive enzyme lab lipase works in the

Answer 288

small intestine

Question 289

in the digestive enzyme lab the substrate for lipase is

Answer 289

lipids

Question 290

in the digestive enzyme lab the products for lipase are

Answer 290

fatty acids & monoglycerides

Question 291

in the digestive enzyme lab he optimum pH for lipase is

Answer 291

7.5- 8.0

Question 292

in the digestive enzyme labwhat chemicals were used

Answer 292

HCl, pH 7 buffer, NaOH

Question 293

in the digestive enzyme lab what is placed inside the proteins

Answer 293

camera film

Question 294

in the digestive enzyme lab pepsin and ____ had a positive result

Answer 294

HCL

Question 295

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsin and _____ had a positive result

Answer 295

buffer

Question 296

in the digestive enzyme lab litmus cream and ______ had a positive result

Answer 296

lipase

Question 297

in the digestive enzyme lab pepsin and HCL pH

Answer 297

1

Question 298

in the digestive enzyme lab boiled pepsin and Hcl pH

Answer 298

2

Question 299

in the digestive enzyme lab pepsin and buffer pH

Answer 299

7

Question 300

in the digestive enzyme lab Lipid digestion results

Answer 300

(Lipase)

Positive result - A change in color from purple to pink indicates digestion of lipids has occurred in Litmus cream.

Question 301

in the digestive enzyme lab, Why were the enzyme tubes placed in a warm water bath (37*) instead of being kept at room temperature while enzyme activity was occurring?

Answer 301

To maintain enzymatic activity at an optimal rate.

Question 302

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsin and HCL pH

Answer 302

2

Question 303

in the digestive enzyme lab boiled trypsin and buffer

Answer 303

6

Question 304

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsin and buffer

Answer 304

7

Question 305

in the digestive enzyme lab trypsin and NaOh

Answer 305

14

Question 306

in the digestive enzyme lab water and buffer pH

Answer 306

7

Question 307

in the digestive enzyme lab Substrate is

Answer 307

The substance on which an enzyme acts.

Question 308

in the digestive enzyme lab Product is

Answer 308

Something” manufactured by an enzyme from its substrate.

Question 309

in the digestive enzyme lab Protein digestion results

Answer 309

(Trypsin and Pepsin)
Positive result - Protein digested (enzyme worked) when film turns clear.
Negative result - film opaque

Question 310

in the digestive enzyme lab Lipid digestion results

Answer 310

(Lipase)

Positive result - A change in color from purple to pink indicates digestion of lipids has occurred in Litmus cream.

Question 311

in the digestive enzyme lab, Why were the enzyme tubes placed in a warm water bath (37*) instead of being kept at room temperature while enzyme activity was occurring?

Answer 311

To maintain enzymatic activity at an optimal rate.

Question 312

in the digestive enzyme lab are pepsin and trypsin affected differently by pH

Answer 312

yes because enzymes like a specific pH and pepsin is more acidic and trypsin is more basic

Question 313

in the digestive enzyme lab, How does temperature effect the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Answer 313

As temperature increases, the rate of the enzyme catalyzed reaction also increases because the molecules are moving faster and colliding more frequently. After a certain temperature, the reaction rate decreases because the heat starts to denature the enzyme so that it no longer can function.

Question 314

phagocytic; first to arrive at an injury site; specialize in killing bacteria but also kill fungi and neutralize some viruses; die after feeding once and can form pus

Answer 314

Neutrophils:

Question 315

help to prevent allergic reactions from becoming dangerously out of control, and defend against parasitic worms

Answer 315

Eosinophils:

Question 316

increase blood flow to injured tissues for the healing process; secrete histamine (increase inflammation) and heparin (decrease clotting)

Answer 316

Basophil

Question 317

(do not contain granules that are visible under a light microscope)

Answer 317

Agranulocytes (ending in cytes)

Question 318

(contain granules that are visible under a light microscope)

Answer 318

Granulocytes (ending in phils)

Question 319

leave the bloodstream to become macrophages that destroy unwanted cells and invading pathogens; they can feed many times and still remain alive

Answer 319

Monocytes

Question 320

B, T & NK cells

Answer 320

Lymphocytes

Question 321

produce antibodies to attack foreign invaders

Answer 321

B cells

Question 322

manage the immune system, and directly attack microorganisms, cancer cells and transplanted cells

Answer 322

T cells

Question 323

are special granulated lymphocytes that destroy unwanted cells

Answer 323

NK (natural killer) cells

Question 324

The valsalva maneuver (forced exhalation against a closed airway) creates increased ________

Answer 324

thoracic pressure

Question 325

The cardiac control center is in the

Answer 325

medulla oblongata

Question 326

cranial nerve __ the _______nerve, is the parasympathetic pathway to the heart

Answer 326

X, vagus

Question 327

in the cardiac lab The neurotransmitter in the

autonomic ganglion of both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways is _________ (the preganglionic neurotransmitter).

Answer 327

acetylcholine

Question 328

in the blood pressure lab When cuff pressure is greater than ____ mm Hg and exceeds blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle:No blood flows through the vessel. No sound is herd

Answer 328

120

Question 329

in the blood pressure lab When cuff pressure is between
___&___ mm Hg:Blood flow through the vessel is turbulent
whenever blood pressure exceeds cuff pressure.
2 The first sound is heard at peak systolic pressure.
3 Intermittent sounds are produced
by turbulent spurts of flow as blood
pressure cyclically exceeds cuff pressure

Answer 329

120 and 80

Question 330

in the blood pressure lab When cuff pressure is less than ___ mm Hg and is below blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle: Blood flows through the vessel in smooth, laminar fashion.The last sound is heard at minimum
diastolic pressure. No sound is heard thereafter because

Answer 330

80

Question 331

growth hormone (GH) comes from the_________ gland

Answer 331

Anterior Pituitary

Question 332

growth hormone (GH) Stimulusis is releasing hormones of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 332

hypothalamus

Question 333

growth hormone (GH ) Function is to stimulates growth of _____ organs in body; mobilizes _______ molecules, ______________ blood glucose level

Answer 333

all, food ,increasing

Question 334

growth hormone (GH) Dysfunction/Disorders hypersecretion causes_______ & __________

Answer 334

giantism and acromegaly

Question 335

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) comes from ______________ Gland

Answer 335

Anterior Pituitary

Question 336

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Stimulus is releasing hormones of ___________

Answer 336

hypothalamus

Question 337

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Function is stimulating synthesis & dispersion of ___________ in the skin

Answer 337

melanin pigment

Question 338

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Dysfunction/Disorders hypersecretion results in the ______ of the skin

Answer 338

darkening

Question 339

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH comes from the __________ )Gland

Answer 339

Anterior Pituitary

Question 340

adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) Stimulus is releasing hormones of _________

Answer 340

hypothalamus

Question 341

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function stimulates secretion of ______ hormones

Answer 341

adrenal cortex

Question 342

adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) Dysfunction/Disorders hypersecretion or hyposecretion of _______

Answer 342

adrenal cortex

Question 343

follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) Gland

Answer 343

Anterior Pituitary

Question 344

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Stimulus is releasing hormones of ________

Answer 344

hypothalamus

Question 345

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Function: males stimulates production and growth of ______ in seminiferous tubules of ____

females: stimulates development of follicles in ____ and secretion of____

Answer 345

sperm, testes

ovaries, estrogen

Question 346

follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) Dysfunction/Disorders hyposecretion inhibits _________ and causes sterility

Answer 346

sexual development

Question 347

luteinizing hormone (LH) comes from the ________ gland

Answer 347

Anterior Pituitary

Question 348

luteinizing hormone (LH) Stimulus is releasing hormones of _______

Answer 348

hypothalamus

Question 349

luteinizing hormone (LH) Function is males: stimulates secretion of________ by the_______ cells of the testes

females: stimulates the secretion of ________, stimulates maturation of _____________, triggers ovulation, and stimulates development of the _____

Answer 349

testosterone, interstitial

estrogen, ovarian follicle and ovum, corpus luteum

Question 350

luteinizing hormone (LH) Dysfunction/Disorders hyposecretion inhibits _______ and causes sterility

Answer 350

sexual development

Question 351

prolactin (PRL) comes from the _______ gland

Answer 351

Anterior Pituitary

Question 352

prolactin (PRL) Stimulus is releasing hormones of

__________

Answer 352

hypothalamus

Question 353

prolactin (PRL) Function is stimulates_____development during pregnancy and _____ development after pregnancy

Answer 353

breast , milk

Question 354

prolactin (PRL) Dysfunction/Disorders hypersecretion causes________ lactation in nonnursing women and in men; hyposecretion causes________ lactation in nursing women

Answer 354

inappropriate, insufficient

Question 355

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) comes from the _____ gland

Answer 355

Anterior Pituitary

Question 356

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Stimulus is releasing hormones of__________

Answer 356

hypothalamus

Question 357

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Function is stimulates release of ______ hormone by the ____ gland

Answer 357

thyroid

Question 358

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Dysfunction/Disorders hypersecretion causes _______; hyposecretion causes ________ in children and _______ in adults

Answer 358

hyperthyroidism, cretinis, myxedema

Question 359

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) comes from the ________ gland

Answer 359

Posterior Pituitary

Question 360

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulus is

Answer 360

hypothalamus

Question 361

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) function is stimulates __________ by the kidneys

Answer 361

water retention

Question 362

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Dysfunction/Disorder is hypersecretion results in abnormal ___________; hyposecretion causes _________

Answer 362

water retention, diabetes insipidus

Question 363

oxytocin comes from the _______ gland

Answer 363

Posterior Pituitary

Question 364

oxytocin stimulus is

Answer 364

hypothalamus

Question 365

oxytocin function is stimulates _______ contractions at the end of pregnancy and the release of_____ into the ducts of the breast

Answer 365

uterine, milk

Question 366

oxytocin Dysfunction/Disorder hypersecretion causes inappropriate ejection of ______ in lactating women; hyposecretion may cause prolonged or difficult____&_____

Answer 366

milk, labor and delivery