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physiology > Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

Nerves and muscles are ______________

A

excitable tissues

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2
Q

They use membrane potential to propagate an action potential (spark).

A

excitable tissues

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3
Q

In nerves, action potentials are used to ____________

A

transmit nerve impulses

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4
Q

In muscles, action potentials _________________

A

trigger muscle contractions.

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5
Q

are propagated from the axon hillock to the axon terminal

A

action potentials (nerve impulses)

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6
Q

are initiated at the axon hillock, and conducted throughout a nerve fiber (axon)

A

action potentials (nerve impulses)

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7
Q

are highly irritable

A

neurons

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8
Q

electrical impulses carried along muscle cell membranes and neuron axons

A

action potentials

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9
Q

only generated by muscle cells and neurons

A

action potentials

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10
Q

the underlying functional feature of the nervous system

A

action potentials,

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11
Q

an action potential in the axon of a neuron is a _______

A

nerve impulse

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12
Q

they do not decrease in strength over distance

A

nerve impulse (action potentials )

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13
Q

are always the same voltage, regardless of the stimulus (all-or-none)

A

action potentials

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14
Q

the potential difference (–70 mV) across the membrane of a (voltage)

A

resting neuron

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15
Q

it is generated by different concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl, and protein anions (A)

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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16
Q

ionic differences are the consequence of

A

differential permeability of the neurilemma to Na+ and K+

operation of the sodium-potassium pump

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17
Q

type of transport protein

A

pumps

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18
Q

pumps move substances against _________

A

concentration gradient

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19
Q

Do pumps require ATP energy?

A

yes

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20
Q

e.g., sodium-potassium______ in plasma membrane

A

pumps

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21
Q

the inside of the membrane becomes less negative

A

depolarization

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22
Q

the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential

A

repolarization

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23
Q

the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential

A

hyperpolarization

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24
Q

Changes in Membrane Potential are caused by _________

A

hyperpolarization, repolarization, depolarization

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25
Q

closed in the resting state

A

activation gates

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26
Q

open in the resting state

A

inactivation gates

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27
Q

Na+ and K+ channels are closed

A

Action Potential: Resting State

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28
Q

leakage accounts for small movements of Na+ and K+

A

Action Potential: Resting State

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29
Q

each Na+ channel has two voltage-regulated gates ________

A

activation & inactivation gates

Action Potential: Resting State

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30
Q

example: Na+ channel

A

Voltage-Gated Channel

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31
Q

closed when the intracellular environment is negative

Na+ cannot enter the cell

A

Voltage-Gated Channel

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32
Q

ions move quickly across the membrane

A

open gated channel

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33
Q

open when the intracellular environment is positive

Na+ can enter the cell

A

Voltage-Gated Channel

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34
Q

movement is along their electrochemical gradients

A

open gated channel

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35
Q

an electrical current is created

A

open gated channel

36
Q

voltage changes across the membrane

A

open gated channel

37
Q

(Na+ enters cell); only occurs if threshold is reached in cell body

A

depolarization

38
Q

(K+ exits cell or Cl- enters cell)

A

repolarization

39
Q

(excessive efflux of K+); ionic redistribution is then restored by Na+-K+ pump

A

hyperpolarization

40
Q

at threshold, depolarization becomes _____________

A

self-generating

41
Q

a critical level of depolarization (-55 to -50 mV)

A

threshold

42
Q

Na+ gates are opened;

A

K+ gates are close

43
Q

Na+ permeability increases;

A

membrane potential reverses

44
Q

membrane is depolarized by 15 to 20 mV

A

threshold

45
Q

established by the total amount of current flowing through the membrane

A

Threshold and Action Potentials

46
Q

stimuli are not relayed into action potentials

A

weak (subthreshold)

47
Q

stimuli are relayed into action potentials

A

strong (threshold)

48
Q

action potentials either happen completely, or not at all

A

all-or-none phenomenon

49
Q

sodium inactivation gates close

A

Repolarization Phase

50
Q

membrane permeability to Na+ declines to resting levels

A

Repolarization Phase

51
Q

as sodium gates close, voltage-sensitive K+ gates open

A

Repolarization Phase

52
Q

K+ exits the cell and internal negativity of the resting neuron is restored

A

Repolarization Phase

53
Q

Phases of the Action Potential

A

1 – resting state
2 – depolarization phase
3 – repolarization phase
4 – hyperpolarization

54
Q

restores the resting electrical conditions of the neuron

A

sodium-potassium pump

55
Q

ionic redistribution back to resting conditions is restored by the __________

A

sodium-potassium pump

56
Q

potassium gates remain open, causing an excessive efflux of K+

A

Hyperpolarization

57
Q

efflux causes______of the membrane (undershoot)

A

Hyperpolarization

58
Q

the neuron is insensitive to stimulus and depolarization during this time

A

Hyperpolarization

59
Q

ions of the extracellular fluid move toward the area of ____________________

A

greatest negative charge

60
Q

is created that depolarizes the adjacent membrane in a forward direction

A

a current

61
Q

propagates away from its point of origin

A

the impulse

62
Q

the action potential moves away from the _______

A

stimulus

63
Q

where sodium gates are closing, potassium gates are open and create a _________

A

current flow

64
Q

time from the opening of the Na+ activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates

A

the absolute refractory period

65
Q

prevents the neuron from generating another action potential

A

the absolute refractory period

66
Q

ensures that each action potential is separate

A

the absolute refractory period

67
Q

enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses

A

the absolute refractory period

68
Q

rapid conduction in myelinated fibers

A

saltatory conduction

69
Q

impulse jumps over sections of the fiber covered with insulating myelin

A

saltatory conduction

70
Q

more potassium on the ____ of the cell

A

inside

71
Q

more sodium on the _____ of the cell

A

outside

72
Q

_____ use active transport

A

pumps

73
Q

_______ use passive transport

A

leak channels

74
Q

only go in one direction

A

action potentials

75
Q

instigates axon hillock to start action potential (k+ leaves the cell & takes positive charge with it)

A

threshold

76
Q

nerve cell membrane

A

neurilemma

77
Q

2 items share a transport protein and move in the same direction

A

symport

78
Q

2 items share a transport protein and move in the opposite direction

A

antiport

79
Q

bundle of beurons inside brain/spinal cord

A

tract

80
Q

neuron

A

single nerve cell

81
Q

bundle of neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

A

nerve

82
Q

Ca

A

calcium

83
Q

potential

A

charge

84
Q

concentration

A

tonic

85
Q

dissolves

A

solvent

86
Q

trying to dissolve

A

solute

87
Q

excitable tissue use membrane potential to ________

A

propagate an action potential (spark).

physiology (14 decks)

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