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physiology > lab exam 1 > Flashcards

lab exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What information can you record using PowerLab?

A

You can plug in many different sensors which will send information to PowerLab about various
physiological functions

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2
Q

force transducer

A

which is used to record mechanical movement of a muscle or limb

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3
Q

which wraps around your thumb to record your pulse

A

pulse transducer

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4
Q

which is used to record respirations

A

thorax transducer,

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5
Q

which is used to record the electrical activity of the heart

A

ECG sensor,

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6
Q

how long an event lasts, measured in seconds.

A

Duration

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7
Q

how is duration measured

A

It is measured using the “M” marker

and the cursor to measure the seconds between one event and the next

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8
Q

how often an event takes place, such as beats per minute when looking at heart rate.

A

Frequency

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9
Q

how is frequency measures

A

using the duration of the event:

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10
Q

what is the equation for beats per minute

A

60 Seconds/ Wave duration

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11
Q

the relative strength of an event.

A

Amplitude

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12
Q

How is the height of a wave measured

A

with the “M” marker at the base of a wave and the cursor at the peak.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the stimulator?

A

The stimulator provides an electrical shock through an electrode.

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14
Q

The electrical shock can act as a stimulus to trigger an ___________ in nerve or muscle tissue.

A

action potential

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15
Q

Can you adjust several aspects of the electrical shock of the stimulator.

A

yes

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16
Q

adjusts the strength of the shock from 0 to 100 volts

A

Voltage of the stimulator

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17
Q

in the stimulator how long an electrical shock lasts (measured in milliseconds, MS)

A

Duration of the stimulator

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18
Q

Events/sec of the stimulator :

A

the number of electrical shocks generated per second (frequency)

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19
Q

modes of shock on the stimulator

A

single, continuous & momentary

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20
Q

a single shock is given

A

Mode: single:

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21
Q

shocks are given at the frequency you have set (events/sec)

A

continuous:

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22
Q

shocks are given at the frequency you have set (events/sec) lasting as long as you press down on the switch

A

momentary:

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23
Q

Your recording of the stimulator activity only shows when_______________

A

a shock is given

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24
Q

true or false your recording of the stimulator does not accurately indicate the strength of the voltage used.

A

true

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25
Q

part of microscope that you look through and magnifies a specimen on the slide 10x

A

ocular

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26
Q

part of the microscope that rotates and has different magnification

A

objectives

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27
Q

objective that magnifies a specimen on the slide by 4X

A

Low

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28
Q

where your specimen sits on

A

stage

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29
Q

objective that magnifies a specimen on the slide by 10X

A

medium

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30
Q

knobs to adjust the position of your slide/ stage either vertically or horizontal

A

mechanical stage knobs

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31
Q

objective that magnifies a specimen on the slide by 40x

A

high

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32
Q

moves the stage up and down

A

coarse adjustment knob

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33
Q

moves stage up and down and sharpens the focus of specimen

A

fine focus knob

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34
Q

small lever below the stage that slides back and forth to adjust the amount of light passing through the specimen

A

iris diaphragm lever

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35
Q

modifies, packages and distributes cell products

A

Golgi apparatus

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36
Q

barrier between intracellular and extracellular fluid, controling what enters and exits the cell

A

plasma membrane

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37
Q

contain enzymes which can digest foreign particles or cell debris

A

lysosomes

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38
Q

manufactures new cell products and cell membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

membrane packages which store or transport materials into or out of the cell

A

various membrane vesicles

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40
Q

encloses DNA which contains the code for all cellular proteins and enzymes

A

nucleus

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41
Q

maintains the shape of the cell and regulates cell movement

A

cytoskeleton

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42
Q

energy production for the cell, site of cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

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43
Q

what kind of blood is used in the microscopic observations

A

sheep blood

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44
Q

true or false, human blood carries a greater rick of disease transmission

A

true

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45
Q

what solution do you place on the slide before the blood

A

0.85 NaCl solution

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46
Q

squamous epithelium

A

cheek cells

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47
Q

what stain do you use to stain he cheek cells

A

methylene blue

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48
Q

what things make red blood cells and cheek cells different

A

red blood cells have no nucleus

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49
Q

what structures are present in both red blood cells and cheek cells

A

the plasma membrane

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50
Q

what does DNA look like in the DNA extraction lab

A

white clumps

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51
Q

what did the detergent do in the DNA extraction

A

breaks the cell and nuclei open to release DNA

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52
Q

Why do you use alcohol in the DNA extraction

A

to precipitate the DNA from the solution

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53
Q

H+ in pH

A

acid

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54
Q

OH in pH

A

Base

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55
Q

a substance which when dissolved in water, will release a hydrogen ion

A

acid

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56
Q

how does hydrochloric acid dissociate

A

HCl –> H+ + Cl -

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57
Q

a substance which, when dissolved in water will release a hydroxide ion OH-

A

BASE

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58
Q

how does sodium hydroxide dissociate when dissolved in water

A

NaOH —-> Na+ + OH-

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59
Q

strong acid on the pH scale

A

1 & 2

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60
Q

moderately strong acid on the pH scale

A

3, 4, 5

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61
Q

weak acid on the pH scale

A

6

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62
Q

neutral on the pH scale

A

7

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63
Q

weak base on the pH scale

A

8, 9

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64
Q

moderately strong base on the pH scale

A

10, 11, 12

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65
Q

strong base on the pH scale

A

13 & 14

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66
Q

blood pH should be kept between

A

7.35 & 7.45

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67
Q

death occurs if blood pH is

A

6.8 and 8.0

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68
Q

when arterial blood pH is below 7.35

A

acidosis

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69
Q

when arterial blood pH is above 7.45

A

alkalosis

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70
Q

HCO3

A

base

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71
Q

H+

A

acid

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72
Q

CO2

A

acid

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73
Q

carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide ______

A

reacts with water

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74
Q

formula for carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) H2CO3 (carbonic acid) H+ (hydrogen ion) + HCO3 (bicarbonate ion)

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75
Q

durring exercise, the rate of CO2 production increases as ______________________________

A

muscles increase their breakdown of glucose for energy

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76
Q

in a neutral to basic pH phenol red turns _______

A

pink

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77
Q

phenol red turns ______ in an acidic pH

A

yellow

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78
Q

an enzyme found in human saliva that begins the digestion of starch in the mouth

A

amylase

79
Q

how does a buffer work

A

help to prevent drastic pH changes

80
Q

hyper means

A

higher (higher number)

81
Q

hypo means

A

lower (lower number)

82
Q

iso means

A

same (same number)

83
Q

hemolysis

A

burst

84
Q

crenation

A

shrink

85
Q

solvent is

A

water

86
Q

solute is

A

salt

87
Q

a normal red blood cell contains ___ salt

A

0.85%

88
Q

true or false, salt easily crosses the cell

A

false

89
Q

true or false, water readily passes through the cell membrane

A

true

90
Q

what would be salt concentration have to be in an isotonic solution for a dehydrated patient

A

0.85%

91
Q

what would happen if you gave a dehydrated patient a IV with 100% water

A

hemolysis

92
Q

during the osmosis and diffusion lab what was the artificial cell filled with

A

10 ml of 10% sodium chloride, 10ml of a 5% glucose solution, 10ml of 1% starch solution

93
Q

during the osmosis and diffusion lab the artificial cell was placed in a __________________________

A

beaker of distilled water and a small amount of iodine

94
Q

during the osmosis and diffusion lab what was able to go through the membrane

A

glucose, iodine, sodium chloride

95
Q

during the osmosis and diffusion lab what was not able to go through the membrane

A

starch

96
Q

what color does starch turn for a positive result

A

blue

97
Q

what color does starch turn for a negative result

A

amber

98
Q

what is the reagent used to test for starch

A

iodine

99
Q

what color does salt turn for a positive result

A

white milky solution

100
Q

what color does salt turn for a negative result

A

amber color

101
Q

what is the reagent used to test for salt

A

silver nitrate (AgNO3)

102
Q

what color does glucose turn for a positive result

A

solid flecks of copper

103
Q

what color does glucose turn for a negative result

A

blue

104
Q

what is the reagent used to test glucose

A

benedict’s solution

105
Q

how does dialysis mimic a cell membrane

A

semi permeable membrane

106
Q

how is dialysis different from a cell membrane

A

a cell membrane is more sophisticated

107
Q

during the osmosis and diffusion lab using a 10% saline, which has the highest solute concentration, the saline or RBC?

A

saline

108
Q

In a 10% saline solution, which direction does water move?

A

out of cell

109
Q

what happens when water moves out of cells

A

they shrink, crenation

110
Q

which fluid has the highest solute concentration, distilled water or RBC

A

red blood cell

111
Q

which direction does water move in a solution with distilled water?

A

into cell

112
Q

what happens when water moves into cell

A

hemolysis

113
Q

what is meant by non-osmotic hemolysis

A

no water

114
Q

what does saponin do to cells

A

detergent separates bilayer

115
Q

light receptors

A

photoreceptors:

116
Q

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch

A

mechanoreceptors

117
Q

heat and cold

A

thermoreceptors:

118
Q

detect certain chemicals like smell, taste, blood O2 or CO2

A

chemoreceptors:

119
Q

parts of a reflex arc

A

sensory receptor, afferent pathway, synapse, efferent pathway, effector organ

120
Q

an unconscious response to a stimulus

A

reflex

121
Q

simple nerve pathway with very few synapses

A

reflex arc

122
Q

tapping a tendon or ligament causes these receptors to stretch,

A

stretch reflex

123
Q

patellar reflex causes the ______ to extend

A

leg

124
Q

achilles reflex causes the ______ to

A

foot to experience plantar flexion

125
Q

blink reflexes causes the ______

A

eye to close

126
Q

pupillary reflex causes ______

A

contract and cause the pupil to become smaller

127
Q

sensory receptors in the skin

A

cutaneous

128
Q

taste buds consist of ___ sensory receptors

A

50

129
Q

5 primary tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

130
Q

true or false, chemicals in a solution that have been dissolved in saliva can only attach to receptor cells

A

true

131
Q

rods and cones in the retina respond to light stimuli

A

photoreceptors

132
Q

the posterior cavity of the eye which lacks the light sensitive rods and cones and is insensitive to light

A

optic disk (blind spot)

133
Q

the lens becomes more convex as one focuses on an object which is getting _____ to the eye

A

closer

134
Q

the ability of the lens to become more convex has to do with the eyes _______

A

elasticity

135
Q

acuity

A

sharpness

136
Q

uneven curvature on the cornea or lens which results in blurred vision

A

astigmatism

137
Q

the main color that cones detect

A

red, blue and green

138
Q

the ability to determine how far an object is from you is

A

depth perception

139
Q

can a person blind in one eye legally drive in Illinois

A

yes

140
Q

how can a person with vision in only one eye judge distance

A

the surrounding environment

141
Q

in the skeletal lab you used an ____________ to stimulate the________ muscle of a frog.

A

electrical shock, gastrocnemius

142
Q

In the skeletal lab, the muscle responds to the stimulus in the same way it would if ____________________

A

an action potential were sent

to it via a motor neuron.

143
Q

How many volts it takes to achieve a single measurable muscle contraction (a twitch)

A

threshold stimulus

144
Q

in the skeletal lab, the stimulus voltage which caused a maximum contraction. (does not get stronger after a certain point)

A

spatial summation.

145
Q

true or false In the skeletal lab, the muscle responds to the stimulus in the same way it would if an action potential were sent to it via a motor neuron.

A

true

146
Q

Any lower voltage which did not cause a contraction was __________

A

subthreshold

147
Q

As you increased the frequency of the stimulus, the muscle had less and less time to relax between contractions and each contraction was stronger than the one before it.

A

temporal summation.

148
Q

a sustained strong contraction

A

tetany

149
Q

Myoneural fatigue is also called _________________

A

neuromuscular fatigue

150
Q

what will eventually happen to a muscle on tetany

A

It will eventually run out of available energy and lactic acid, This will cause the muscle to relax even though you are still stimulating it.

151
Q

can not keep up with the production of neurotransmitter required to continue the stimulation of the muscle

A

Myoneural fatigue

152
Q

can a musclemaintain tetany forever

A

no

153
Q

muscles in tetany will eventually run out of available energy and lactic acid, This will cause the muscle to _________________________

A

relax even though you are still stimulating it.

154
Q

muscles in tetany will eventually run out of __________ & ____________

A

available energy and lactic acid

155
Q

do mature RBC have DNA

A

no

156
Q

metabolic activity of cells constantly produces ________

A

acids

157
Q

during exercise, the rate of CO2 production ________ as muscles increase their breakdown of ________ for energy

A

increase, glucose

158
Q

true or false excess CO2 is blown off through more rapid and deeper breathing

A

true

159
Q

________ is an enzyme found in human saliva which begins the digestion of __________ in the mouth

A

amylase, starch

160
Q

salivary enzyme reaction

A

enzyme (amylase) + substrate (starch) -> enzyme substrate complex -> emzyme (amylase) + products (sugars)

161
Q

true or false, a solution which contains a buffer can not maintain a constant pH

A

false

162
Q

true or false, blood does not contain buffers

A

false

163
Q

in the pH lab, which two substances did you test the pH of

A

0.5 HCl & 0.5 NaOH

164
Q

pressure applied by a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure:

165
Q

the potential of water molecules to move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic potential

166
Q

non osmotic hemolysis

A

no water

167
Q

true or false, a reflex arc has very few synapse

A

true

168
Q

true or false, a nerve impulse travels through a reflex arc slowly

A

false

169
Q

tapping a tendon or ligament causes these receptors to stretch

A

stretch receptors

170
Q

sensory receptors in the skin convert __________ stimuli into nerve impulses

A

transduce

171
Q

touch, pressure, temperature

A

cutaneous receptors

172
Q

a phenomenon where sensory receptors respond strongly to a sudden change in the environment and then stop responding when the stimulus is constant

A

sensory adaption

173
Q

receptors that adapt quickly

A

smell

174
Q

do pain receptors adapt

A

no

175
Q

determining the closest distance which one can focus on an object clearly

A

elasticity of lens

176
Q

eye chart with letters on it

A

snellen

177
Q

retinal receptors sensitive to color

A

cones

178
Q

ability to determine how far an object is away from you

A

depth perception

179
Q

how does carbon dioxide effect the pH of a solution

A

Adding CO2 to a solution will form some carbonic acid

180
Q

the sensors in the power lab convert a _____________ to an electrical signal

A

change in movement, pressure, electrical charge & light

181
Q

tab connected to a muscle

A

force transducer

182
Q

within the strap of the thorax transducer, there is a _________ element

A

piezoelectric

183
Q

default size setting in power lab

A

10:1

184
Q

how to record downward movement as an upward deflection

A

invert scale and data

185
Q

a unit of force

A

newton

186
Q

1 newton = ____ kg*m/s2

A

1

187
Q

name of the stimulator

A

phipps & bird 611

188
Q

when the duration MS multiplier switch is set at X1 it can cause a shock between _ and __ milliseconds

A

4 & 50

189
Q

one millisecond is ____ of a second

A

1/1000th

190
Q

when the duration MS is set at X.1 he shock duration will be _____ of the duration indicated

A

a tenth

191
Q

when the duration MS multiplier switch is set at X.1 a shock duration between _ & _ milliseconds can be selected

A

.4 & 5.0

192
Q

when the duration MS multiplier switch is set at X.01 a shiock duration between _ & _ milliseconds can be selected

A

.04 & .5

193
Q

the re stimulation of muscle will cause a ______ contraction

A

stronger

194
Q

true or false,increasing the voltage of the stimulus will stimulate the effect of decreasing the number of motor neurons stimulating the muscle

A

false, it increases the number of motor neurons stimulating the muscle

physiology (14 decks)

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