lab exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What information can you record using PowerLab?
A
You can plug in many different sensors which will send information to PowerLab about various
physiological functions
2
Q
force transducer
A
which is used to record mechanical movement of a muscle or limb
3
Q
which wraps around your thumb to record your pulse
A
pulse transducer
4
Q
which is used to record respirations
A
thorax transducer,
5
Q
which is used to record the electrical activity of the heart
A
ECG sensor,
6
Q
how long an event lasts, measured in seconds.
A
Duration
7
Q
how is duration measured
A
It is measured using the “M” marker
and the cursor to measure the seconds between one event and the next
8
Q
how often an event takes place, such as beats per minute when looking at heart rate.
A
Frequency
9
Q
how is frequency measures
A
using the duration of the event:
10
Q
what is the equation for beats per minute
A
60 Seconds/ Wave duration
11
Q
the relative strength of an event.
A
Amplitude
12
Q
How is the height of a wave measured
A
with the “M” marker at the base of a wave and the cursor at the peak.
13
Q
What is the purpose of the stimulator?
A
The stimulator provides an electrical shock through an electrode.
14
Q
The electrical shock can act as a stimulus to trigger an ___________ in nerve or muscle tissue.
A
action potential
15
Q
Can you adjust several aspects of the electrical shock of the stimulator.
A
yes
16
Q
adjusts the strength of the shock from 0 to 100 volts
A
Voltage of the stimulator
17
Q
in the stimulator how long an electrical shock lasts (measured in milliseconds, MS)
A
Duration of the stimulator
18
Q
Events/sec of the stimulator :
A
the number of electrical shocks generated per second (frequency)
19
Q
modes of shock on the stimulator
A
single, continuous & momentary
20
Q
a single shock is given
A
Mode: single:
21
Q
shocks are given at the frequency you have set (events/sec)
A
continuous:
22
Q
shocks are given at the frequency you have set (events/sec) lasting as long as you press down on the switch
A
momentary:
23
Q
Your recording of the stimulator activity only shows when_______________
A
a shock is given
24
Q
true or false your recording of the stimulator does not accurately indicate the strength of the voltage used.
A
true
25
part of microscope that you look through and magnifies a specimen on the slide 10x
ocular
26
part of the microscope that rotates and has different magnification
objectives
27
objective that magnifies a specimen on the slide by 4X
Low
28
where your specimen sits on
stage
29
objective that magnifies a specimen on the slide by 10X
medium
30
knobs to adjust the position of your slide/ stage either vertically or horizontal
mechanical stage knobs
31
objective that magnifies a specimen on the slide by 40x
high
32
moves the stage up and down
coarse adjustment knob
33
moves stage up and down and sharpens the focus of specimen
fine focus knob
34
small lever below the stage that slides back and forth to adjust the amount of light passing through the specimen
iris diaphragm lever
35
modifies, packages and distributes cell products
Golgi apparatus
36
barrier between intracellular and extracellular fluid, controling what enters and exits the cell
plasma membrane
37
contain enzymes which can digest foreign particles or cell debris
lysosomes
38
manufactures new cell products and cell membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
39
membrane packages which store or transport materials into or out of the cell
various membrane vesicles
40
encloses DNA which contains the code for all cellular proteins and enzymes
nucleus
41
maintains the shape of the cell and regulates cell movement
cytoskeleton
42
energy production for the cell, site of cellular respiration
mitochondria
43
what kind of blood is used in the microscopic observations
sheep blood
44
true or false, human blood carries a greater rick of disease transmission
true
45
what solution do you place on the slide before the blood
0.85 NaCl solution
46
squamous epithelium
cheek cells
47
what stain do you use to stain he cheek cells
methylene blue
48
what things make red blood cells and cheek cells different
red blood cells have no nucleus
49
what structures are present in both red blood cells and cheek cells
the plasma membrane
50
what does DNA look like in the DNA extraction lab
white clumps
51
what did the detergent do in the DNA extraction
breaks the cell and nuclei open to release DNA
52
Why do you use alcohol in the DNA extraction
to precipitate the DNA from the solution
53
H+ in pH
acid
54
OH in pH
Base
55
a substance which when dissolved in water, will release a hydrogen ion
acid
56
how does hydrochloric acid dissociate
HCl --> H+ + Cl -
57
a substance which, when dissolved in water will release a hydroxide ion OH-
BASE
58
how does sodium hydroxide dissociate when dissolved in water
NaOH ----> Na+ + OH-
59
strong acid on the pH scale
1 & 2
60
moderately strong acid on the pH scale
3, 4, 5
61
weak acid on the pH scale
6
62
neutral on the pH scale
7
63
weak base on the pH scale
8, 9
64
moderately strong base on the pH scale
10, 11, 12
65
strong base on the pH scale
13 & 14
66
blood pH should be kept between
7.35 & 7.45
67
death occurs if blood pH is
6.8 and 8.0
68
when arterial blood pH is below 7.35
acidosis
69
when arterial blood pH is above 7.45
alkalosis
70
HCO3
base
71
H+
acid
72
CO2
acid
73
carbonic acid forms when carbon dioxide ______
reacts with water
74
formula for carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion
CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) H2CO3 (carbonic acid) H+ (hydrogen ion) + HCO3 (bicarbonate ion)
75
durring exercise, the rate of CO2 production increases as ______________________________
muscles increase their breakdown of glucose for energy
76
in a neutral to basic pH phenol red turns _______
pink
77
phenol red turns ______ in an acidic pH
yellow
78
an enzyme found in human saliva that begins the digestion of starch in the mouth
amylase
79
how does a buffer work
help to prevent drastic pH changes
80
hyper means
higher (higher number)
81
hypo means
lower (lower number)
82
iso means
same (same number)
83
hemolysis
burst
84
crenation
shrink
85
solvent is
water
86
solute is
salt
87
a normal red blood cell contains ___ salt
0.85%
88
true or false, salt easily crosses the cell
false
89
true or false, water readily passes through the cell membrane
true
90
what would be salt concentration have to be in an isotonic solution for a dehydrated patient
0.85%
91
what would happen if you gave a dehydrated patient a IV with 100% water
hemolysis
92
during the osmosis and diffusion lab what was the artificial cell filled with
10 ml of 10% sodium chloride, 10ml of a 5% glucose solution, 10ml of 1% starch solution
93
during the osmosis and diffusion lab the artificial cell was placed in a __________________________
beaker of distilled water and a small amount of iodine
94
during the osmosis and diffusion lab what was able to go through the membrane
glucose, iodine, sodium chloride
95
during the osmosis and diffusion lab what was not able to go through the membrane
starch
96
what color does starch turn for a positive result
blue
97
what color does starch turn for a negative result
amber
98
what is the reagent used to test for starch
iodine
99
what color does salt turn for a positive result
white milky solution
100
what color does salt turn for a negative result
amber color
101
what is the reagent used to test for salt
silver nitrate (AgNO3)
102
what color does glucose turn for a positive result
solid flecks of copper
103
what color does glucose turn for a negative result
blue
104
what is the reagent used to test glucose
benedict's solution
105
how does dialysis mimic a cell membrane
semi permeable membrane
106
how is dialysis different from a cell membrane
a cell membrane is more sophisticated
107
during the osmosis and diffusion lab using a 10% saline, which has the highest solute concentration, the saline or RBC?
saline
108
In a 10% saline solution, which direction does water move?
out of cell
109
what happens when water moves out of cells
they shrink, crenation
110
which fluid has the highest solute concentration, distilled water or RBC
red blood cell
111
which direction does water move in a solution with distilled water?
into cell
112
what happens when water moves into cell
hemolysis
113
what is meant by non-osmotic hemolysis
no water
114
what does saponin do to cells
detergent separates bilayer
115
light receptors
photoreceptors:
116
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch
mechanoreceptors
117
heat and cold
thermoreceptors:
118
detect certain chemicals like smell, taste, blood O2 or CO2
chemoreceptors:
119
parts of a reflex arc
sensory receptor, afferent pathway, synapse, efferent pathway, effector organ
120
an unconscious response to a stimulus
reflex
121
simple nerve pathway with very few synapses
reflex arc
122
tapping a tendon or ligament causes these receptors to stretch,
stretch reflex
123
patellar reflex causes the ______ to extend
leg
124
achilles reflex causes the ______ to
foot to experience plantar flexion
125
blink reflexes causes the ______
eye to close
126
pupillary reflex causes ______
contract and cause the pupil to become smaller
127
sensory receptors in the skin
cutaneous
128
taste buds consist of ___ sensory receptors
50
129
5 primary tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
130
true or false, chemicals in a solution that have been dissolved in saliva can only attach to receptor cells
true
131
rods and cones in the retina respond to light stimuli
photoreceptors
132
the posterior cavity of the eye which lacks the light sensitive rods and cones and is insensitive to light
optic disk (blind spot)
133
the lens becomes more convex as one focuses on an object which is getting _____ to the eye
closer
134
the ability of the lens to become more convex has to do with the eyes _______
elasticity
135
acuity
sharpness
136
uneven curvature on the cornea or lens which results in blurred vision
astigmatism
137
the main color that cones detect
red, blue and green
138
the ability to determine how far an object is from you is
depth perception
139
can a person blind in one eye legally drive in Illinois
yes
140
how can a person with vision in only one eye judge distance
the surrounding environment
141
in the skeletal lab you used an ____________ to stimulate the________ muscle of a frog.
electrical shock, gastrocnemius
142
In the skeletal lab, the muscle responds to the stimulus in the same way it would if ____________________
an action potential were sent
| to it via a motor neuron.
143
How many volts it takes to achieve a single measurable muscle contraction (a twitch)
threshold stimulus
144
in the skeletal lab, the stimulus voltage which caused a maximum contraction. (does not get stronger after a certain point)
spatial summation.
145
true or false In the skeletal lab, the muscle responds to the stimulus in the same way it would if an action potential were sent to it via a motor neuron.
true
146
Any lower voltage which did not cause a contraction was __________
subthreshold
147
As you increased the frequency of the stimulus, the muscle had less and less time to relax between contractions and each contraction was stronger than the one before it.
temporal summation.
148
a sustained strong contraction
tetany
149
Myoneural fatigue is also called _________________
neuromuscular fatigue
150
what will eventually happen to a muscle on tetany
It will eventually run out of available energy and lactic acid, This will cause the muscle to relax even though you are still stimulating it.
151
can not keep up with the production of neurotransmitter required to continue the stimulation of the muscle
Myoneural fatigue
152
can a musclemaintain tetany forever
no
153
muscles in tetany will eventually run out of available energy and lactic acid, This will cause the muscle to _________________________
relax even though you are still stimulating it.
154
muscles in tetany will eventually run out of __________ & ____________
available energy and lactic acid
155
do mature RBC have DNA
no
156
metabolic activity of cells constantly produces ________
acids
157
during exercise, the rate of CO2 production ________ as muscles increase their breakdown of ________ for energy
increase, glucose
158
true or false excess CO2 is blown off through more rapid and deeper breathing
true
159
________ is an enzyme found in human saliva which begins the digestion of __________ in the mouth
amylase, starch
160
salivary enzyme reaction
enzyme (amylase) + substrate (starch) -> enzyme substrate complex -> emzyme (amylase) + products (sugars)
161
true or false, a solution which contains a buffer can not maintain a constant pH
false
162
true or false, blood does not contain buffers
false
163
in the pH lab, which two substances did you test the pH of
0.5 HCl & 0.5 NaOH
164
pressure applied by a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure:
165
the potential of water molecules to move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmotic potential
166
non osmotic hemolysis
no water
167
true or false, a reflex arc has very few synapse
true
168
true or false, a nerve impulse travels through a reflex arc slowly
false
169
tapping a tendon or ligament causes these receptors to stretch
stretch receptors
170
sensory receptors in the skin convert __________ stimuli into nerve impulses
transduce
171
touch, pressure, temperature
cutaneous receptors
172
a phenomenon where sensory receptors respond strongly to a sudden change in the environment and then stop responding when the stimulus is constant
sensory adaption
173
receptors that adapt quickly
smell
174
do pain receptors adapt
no
175
determining the closest distance which one can focus on an object clearly
elasticity of lens
176
eye chart with letters on it
snellen
177
retinal receptors sensitive to color
cones
178
ability to determine how far an object is away from you
depth perception
179
how does carbon dioxide effect the pH of a solution
Adding CO2 to a solution will form some carbonic acid
180
the sensors in the power lab convert a _____________ to an electrical signal
change in movement, pressure, electrical charge & light
181
tab connected to a muscle
force transducer
182
within the strap of the thorax transducer, there is a _________ element
piezoelectric
183
default size setting in power lab
10:1
184
how to record downward movement as an upward deflection
invert scale and data
185
a unit of force
newton
186
1 newton = ____ kg*m/s2
1
187
name of the stimulator
phipps & bird 611
188
when the duration MS multiplier switch is set at X1 it can cause a shock between _ and __ milliseconds
4 & 50
189
one millisecond is ____ of a second
1/1000th
190
when the duration MS is set at X.1 he shock duration will be _____ of the duration indicated
a tenth
191
when the duration MS multiplier switch is set at X.1 a shock duration between _ & _ milliseconds can be selected
.4 & 5.0
192
when the duration MS multiplier switch is set at X.01 a shiock duration between _ & _ milliseconds can be selected
.04 & .5
193
the re stimulation of muscle will cause a ______ contraction
stronger
194
true or false,increasing the voltage of the stimulus will stimulate the effect of decreasing the number of motor neurons stimulating the muscle
false, it increases the number of motor neurons stimulating the muscle
