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PSY 333 > Study Guide Exam 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a diathesis?

A

biological or psychological predisposition to disorder

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2
Q

What is a diathesis/

A

vulnerability

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3
Q

What can diathesis be vulnerable to?

A

certain problem or mental disorder, but this does not mean you will necessarily develop it

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4
Q

According to the diathesis stress model what can combo of stress and predisposition cause?

A

impact development of psychological problems

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5
Q

What must stress interact with for a disorder to occur?

A

predisposition

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6
Q

What is anxiety?

A

general feelings of apprehension about possible future problem or danger

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7
Q

What is fear?

A

alarm reaction in response to immediate danger (fight or flight?

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8
Q

how many phobias do you need to meet the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia?

A

1

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9
Q

What is the average number of phobias that people have?

A

3

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10
Q

What are the amount with the diathesis stress models (the trends)

A

Combo of strong predisposition and high stress result in most

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11
Q

Does the diathesis stress model operate on a continuum

A

yep

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12
Q

With the diathesis stress model what may impact the development of a disorder?

A

combination or interaction of diathesis and stress may impact the development of a mental disorder.

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13
Q

What can a diathesis influence?

A

perception and experience of stress as well as life course and choice of experiences

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14
Q

What does the diathesis stress model integrate?

A

theoretical perspectives of mental disorder and provides information about etiology (cause), treatment, and prevention.

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15
Q

What are animal phobias?

A

fear of animals–especially dogs, rodents, insects, snakes

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16
Q

What are the five categories of specific phobias?

A

animal, natural environment, blood-injection injury, situational, other phobias

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17
Q

What are natural environment phobias?

A

involve fears of surrounding phenomena such as heights, water, and weather events such as thunderstorms.

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18
Q

What are blood-injection injury phobias?

A

fear of needles, medical procedures, harm to oneself

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19
Q

What are situational phobias?

A

Fear of specific areas such as enclosed spaces in elevators or planes

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20
Q

What are other phobias?

A

any other intense fear of a specific object (fear of poison, peanut butter, etc)

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21
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Persistent and disproportional fear of specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger

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22
Q

What are the subtypes of social phobia?

A

performance situations, nonperformance situations

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23
Q

What is a panic attack?

A

brief period of exceptionally intense, spontaneous anxiety/fear and feelings of impending doom

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24
Q

If it is something you can name what is it?

A

phobia not panic disorder

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25
Q

What is the behavioral perspective with depression?

A

extinction of active behaviors, lack of rewards due to social skills, learned because they lead to rewards

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26
Q

What is learned helplessness with depression?

A

People act in a helpless, passive fashion upon learning their actions have little effect on their overall environment

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27
Q

What does learned helplessness cause?

A

people believe that they are incapable of changing their environments

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28
Q

What do performance situations include?

A

evaluation from others, (taking a test, recital)

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29
Q

What would make a disorder performance only?

A

fearing only speaking or performing in public

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30
Q

What are nonperformance situations?

A

Situations that cause anxiety that are not based on performance reviews

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31
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

chronic, excessive and unreasonable worry and anxiety generalized over events in everyday life

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32
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

learning through observation and imitation of others’ experiences, rather than through direct personal experience

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33
Q

What are obsessions?

A

anxiety-producing, persistent idea, thought, image, or impulse

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34
Q

What are compulsions?

A

overt repetitive behaviors or mental rituals that the individual is driven to perform over and over

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35
Q

What is a fear circuit?

A

primarily centered around the amygdala, that are responsible for processing and triggering fear responses when encountering perceived threats

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36
Q

what does the fear circuit help you do?

A

helps you learn from experience to recognize dangerous situations and respond appropriately.

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37
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

preoccupation with imagined defect in physical appearance or excessive concern over slight flaw

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38
Q

How many people with BDD try to kill themselveS?

A

about half

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39
Q

What are common obsessions?

A

contamination, errors or uncertainty, sexual acts, harming self or others, symmetry or perfect order

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40
Q

What are some common compulsions?

A

cleaning, repeated checking, repeating, ordering/arranging, counting

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41
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A

preoccupation with collecting items and a failure to discard items

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42
Q

What is the cognitive cause of OCD/

A

attention drawn more to disturbing material, low confidence in memory ability, difficulty blocking out negative thoughts

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43
Q

What is a stressor?

A

the event that causes the stress

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44
Q

What do stressors demand on us?

A

to change or react

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45
Q

What is a stress reaction?

A

person’s reaction to those demands

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46
Q

What is a traumatic experience?

A

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

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47
Q

What are the four categories for diagnoses of PTSD?

A

intrusion, avoidance, negative conditions and mood, arousal and reactivity

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48
Q

What is intrusion?

A

1 symptom

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49
Q

What is avoidance?

A

1 symptom

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50
Q

What are negative conditions and moods?

A

2 symptoms

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51
Q

What is arousal and reactivity?

A

2 symptoms

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52
Q

What is acute stress disorder?

A

anxiety and dissociative symptoms following a traumatic experience.

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53
Q

DSM05 FPOr ACCUTE STRESS DISORDEr

A
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54
Q

What is adjustment disorder?

A

maladaptive reaction to distressing life events that develop within 3 months of the onset of the stressor

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55
Q

What must adjustment disorders lead to ?

A

significant impairment or marked emotional distress exceeding what is normally expected

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56
Q

What are physiological pathways?

A

if stressor doesn’t go away right away the HPA axis kicks in and releases cortisol and the stress response is released

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57
Q

What is criterion 1 for bipolar 1 disorder?

A

criteria for at least 1 manic episode (a-D under manic episode)

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58
Q

What gender especially has symptoms of rapid cycling?

A

females

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59
Q

For bipolar II to happen what must the condition not be caused by?

A

medical problem or substance

60
Q

What criteria must have been met for a qualification of bipolar 2 disorder?

A

One hypomanic criteria and one major depressive episode

61
Q

What must there have never been for bipolar 2 disorder?

A

Manic episodes

62
Q

what does the symptoms of bipolar 2 cause?

A

clinically significant distress or impairment in social, work, or other important areas of functioning

63
Q

What is the relation with comorbidity and anxiety disorders?

A

many people with anxiety have other disorders, it has a very high comorbidity rating

64
Q

What is prepared learning?

A

predisposed to learn behaviors that help them survive and reproduce, and why some associations are easier to learn than others

65
Q

What is light therapy?

A

mimicking natural light

66
Q

When must the diagnostic criteria of postpartum disorder have to have been met?

A

Within four weeks of childbirth

67
Q

Are women who have had children more likely to experience depression?

A

no

68
Q

What gender is more likely to have depression?

A

women

69
Q

what gender is more likely to have bipolar disorder?

A

men and women are equal

70
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

kids having extreme, continuous temper tantrums

71
Q

What are biological factors involved with depressive disorders?

A

genetic factors
biochemical factors
hormonal factors
sleep dysregulation
neuroanatomy

72
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory of depression?

A

individual’s current life situation is significantly influenced by their childhood experiences, unresolved conflicts, and past relationships

73
Q

What is the behavioral explanation for depression?

A

environmental changes/ avoidant behaviors inhibit individuals from experiencing environmental reward/ reinforcement, subsequently leading to the development/maintenance of depressive symptoms.

74
Q

What is the cognitive explanation for depression?

A

a person’s thoughts, attitudes, and interpretations can increase their risk of developing depression

75
Q

What is the HPA axis related to?

A

Stress response

76
Q

What can chronic stress produce in regard to the HPA axis?

A

long term HPA dysregulation

77
Q

What are the three forms that Beck’s inner statements take?

A

1.) may exaggerate magnitude of obstacles, responding to minor frustrations

2.) may interpret relatively trivial events as important losses

3.) continually self-disparaging, magnifying criticisms and insults

78
Q

What are the three elements of Beck’s Cognitive mode?

A

Negative

79
Q

What are the elements of the negative triad?

A

Self, world, future

80
Q

What is the hormonal influence of depression (map)

A

Environmental stress
NE in hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal glands
Release of cortisol (stress hormone)

81
Q

What may the hormonal influence in depression explain in regard to gender”

A

differences in unipolar mood disorders

82
Q

What does Becks cognitive model explain?

A

person’s perception of a situation impacts their emotional, behavioral, and physiological reactions

83
Q

Is depression more common within families?

A

yes sir

84
Q

What is the heritability rate for twins in depression?.

A

42 females
29 males

85
Q

What is the serotonin transporter gene associated with?

A

increased risk of depression following stressful life events

86
Q

Is depression higher within first degree relatives?

A

yes

87
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis?

A

depression is caused by a deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, in the brain

88
Q

Why does a person feel depressed in Beck’s cognitive model?

A

people engage in depressed ways of thinking

89
Q

What do people focus on with depression in Becks cognitive model?

A

negative interpretations

90
Q

What do people feel with depression in Beck’s cognitive model ?

A

helpless, hopeless or not in control

91
Q

What do people believe when they are experiencing learned helplessness?

A

have little or no control over events of their life, responses have no connections with outcomes

92
Q

What does unavoidable stress from learned helplessness decrease the levels of ?

A

NE

93
Q

What did Seligman study?

A

relationship of fear conditioning to instrumental learning

94
Q

What was Seligman’s experiment?

A

dogs received an inescapable shock in learning a future task where they could avoid the shock by jumping over a barrier

95
Q

What is depressive attributional style?

A

depression caused depressive style that employs internal, stable, global accounts of personal problems

96
Q

What are the three dimensions of the attributional model?

A

internal-external

stable-unstable

global-specific

97
Q

What is introjection (psychodynamic)

A

internalizing the characteristics of others

98
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory in regard to depression (quilt version)

A

intrapsychic process that originate early in life in development of depression

99
Q

What is depression related to with behavioral perspectives?

A

elative loss of positive reinforcement and pleasure.

100
Q

What is the behavioral perspective of depression similar to ?

A

state of extinction

101
Q

What does apathy and lack of responsiveness stem from?

A

lack of positive reinforcement

102
Q

What are treatments for depressive disorders?

A

Medication
CBT
Interpersonal therapy
SSRIs
Tricyclcics
MAO inhibitors
ECT
TMS

103
Q

What are tricyclics and MAO inhibitors?

A

unpleasant side effects, less effective for depression with psychotic features

104
Q

Does MAO require multiple doses per day?

A

Yes

105
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

stimulation of the Cortex

106
Q

What is interpersonal therapy?

A

identification and improvement of a person’s difficulties in interpersonal functioning.

107
Q

What are the statistics of ECT?

A

Works more quickly and with a higher percentage of patients.

Response rates for those who do not respond to medication: 50%-60%

108
Q

Is depression necessary for bipolar 2?

A

yes

109
Q

Are there psychotic symptoms with bipolar 2?

A

no

110
Q

What is a treatment for bipolar disorders?

A

Lithium (mood stabilizer)

111
Q

What are some risk factors for suicice?

A

Previous suicide attempt
Contemplated method
Male gender
Hopelessness
Diagnosis of a mood disorder
Previous psychiatric admissions

112
Q

Why might suicide be performe?

A

escape from bad situation
experiencing intense emotions
aggression
act of sacrifice
to prove oneself

113
Q

What is Mowrer’s two factor model>?

A

Involvement of both classical and operant conditioning
- Initial event creates association
- Operant conditioning maintains association through negative reinforcement

114
Q

Causal factors in anxiety disorders: Psychodynamic

A

Little Hans
Id impules produce anxiety in the ego
the ego can usually calm them

115
Q

What are psychodynamic treatments for anxiety:

A

tend to not be that effective with anxiety

116
Q

What are biological treatments for anxiety disorders?

A

anxiolytics
antidepressants

117
Q

What are behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders?

A

systematic desensitization
exposure

118
Q

What are cognitive treatments for anxiety disorders?

A

CBT
Interoceptive exposure

119
Q

What is interoceptive exposure?

A

internal feelings of anxiety

120
Q

What is RCC>

A

oversensitivity
debated
play a role in panic

121
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

fear networks

122
Q

What are biological factors with regard to neurotransmitters and anxiety?

A

HPA Axis
- stress response
Serotonin
- most implicated
- deficiencies
- affects mood
Norepinephrine
- increased levels
- fight or flight
- arousal
- increases anxiety
GABA
- deficiencies
- inhibits anxiety

123
Q

Causal factors in anxiety: Cognitive

A

Anxiety Sensitivity
- tend to misinterpret ambiguous stimuli as more threatening

Greater Attention to Threat
- take it to a catastrophic level
- panic disorder stems from a tendency to make catastrophic misinterpretations of physiological sensations

Perceived Control
- perceived lack of control = increased risk

124
Q

What are biological factors in OCD?

A

genetics
moderate heritability

Neurotransmiter (serotonin)
strongest implication, too much serotonin , drugs make symptoms worse at first

Brain structure
limbic system (emotional brain)
hypothalamus (feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking)
Frontal cortex/lobes: worrying grooming

125
Q

Causal Factors in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Cognitive

A

Attention drawn more to disturbing material.
- exaggerated threat estimation
- individuals overestimate threat

Low confidence in memory ability.
- Accounts for having to do the rituals over and over again
- Having to check and recheck

Have difficulty blocking out negative thoughts.
- lack of control of thoughts

Individuals with these disorders try harder to suppress these thoughts

126
Q

Causal Factors in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Behavioral

A

Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory:

Excessive hand washing
- traumatic event with being dirty or germs
- exposure to similar events induces anxiety or fear
- hand washing is negatively reinforced by the reduction in anxiety

Most accepted
- bc most treatments involve exposure.

127
Q

Causal Factors in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Sociocultural

A

Early childhood trauma
- abuse (physical or sexual)
- parents over controlling, critical, etc.
- parental neglect

Societal values
- western society is pretty focused on physical appearance

128
Q

Treatments in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Biological:

A
  • SSRIs
  • Effective in 40% of individuals
    — might decrease symptoms by 30-40%
  • High relapse for individuals who go off of medication
129
Q

Treatments in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Cognitive

A
  • CBT & cognitive restructuring
  • challenging cognitions and identifying pathways
  • in conjunction with behavioral modification techniques (ERP)
130
Q

Treatments in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: behavioral

A
  • Exposure and Response Prevention
    — requires prolonged and repeated exposure to the obsession, while the compulsive act is prevented
    — most effective (70%-80% of patients)
131
Q

Describe PTSD:

A

After exposure to intense trauma, recurrent recollection and distress related to the trauma with marked arousal.

Dysfunction may be especially severe and long-lasting if the precipitating stressor is intentional and interpersonal.

132
Q

DSM-3 Diagnosis for PTSD

A
  • Traumatic event outside the range of usual human experience that would cause significant symptoms of distress in almost anyone
133
Q

DSM-4 criteria for PTSD

A
  • Required person’s response to involve “intense, fear, helplessness or horror”
134
Q

Is the diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder the same as PTSD?

A

yes

135
Q

What is the quilt definition for acute stress disordeR?

A

After exposure to intense trauma, recurrent recollection and distress related to the trauma with marked arousal.

136
Q

For adjustment disorders what is the time frame?

A

development of behavioral or emotional symptoms within 3 months of onset of stressor

137
Q

What must adjustment disorder symptoms lead to?

A

Significant impairment
Marked emotional distress, exceeding what is normally expected

138
Q

What may dysfunction manifest as?

A

depressed mood, anxiety, disturbance of conduct, or combo of symptoms

139
Q

Are adjustment disorders time-limited?

A

yes

140
Q

When is the stressor of adjustment disorders expected to remit?

A

within 6 months

141
Q

Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders: Risk Factors Related to the Event(s)

A

Degree of exposure to trauma:
- Higher degree of exposure:
— Individuals who were actually exposed to it, not secondary exposure.
- Greater degree of exposure causes a greater rate of disorders.

Severity of trauma.
- More severe the trauma the higher the likelihood that an individual will develop symptoms

142
Q

Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders: Risk Factors Related to the Person or Social Environment

A

(1) History of childhood abuse, assault or poverty.
- More severe environments in childhood are at a greater risk for developing disorders.
- Can make your receptors less receptive to cortisol

(2) Genetic vulnerability.
- Twin studies
— Not a really strong effect related to PTSD but for anxiety disorders there tends to be a link.
- Hormonal system
- Personality characteristics: neuroticism
- Negative attitudes

(3) Lack of social support.
- Associated with low social support growing up and (more so) low social support when the traumatic event happens.

(4) Poor coping skills.
- Three major categories:
Avoidance Coping:
- drugs, etc.
Emotion Focused Coping:
- talk to friend & family
- women are more likely to use
Problem Focused Coping
- deal with the issue directly
- take active approach strategies
- men are more likely to use
- most effective in everyday life unless problem cannot be helped

(5) Feeling shame/dissociative experiences.
- Associated with poor outcomes

(6) Pre-existing depression or anxiety.
- If you’re already diagnosed you are at risk

(7) Family history of depression, anxiety or substance abuse problems.
- At higher risk

143
Q

Treatments in Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders:

A

Drug Therapies
- For the most part, not super effective
- Most effective: SSRIs
— In conjunction with other therapies
- Others:
— Antipsychotics

Exposure Therapy and CBT
- Most effective
— when linked with cognitive restructuring therapy
- A whole lot of people drop out of therapy because it is very anxiety-provoking
- Continual exposure & getting them to talk about it.
- Telling & remembering
- Confront irrational thinking

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)
- On site crisis counseling
- Decrease chances that they will develop PTSD in the future.
- Research shows that only doing that, with no follow up counseling, can lead to an increase in PTSD

144
Q

Causal Models in Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders:

A

(1) Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory
Classical conditioning, anxiety associated with it
- avoid thinking about it etc, reinforcement

(2) Biological processes

Maybe some differences in cortisol levels

Link between hippocampus and amygdala (“fear center”)
- associated with emotion and memory
- individuals with PTSD show decreased volume in hippocampus
— can’t determine if it preceeded the event

145
Q

With abnormal anxiety what happens with the level of cortisol?

A

cortisol levels remain high even when threat subsides

PSY 333 (15 decks)

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