Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

What are the DSM-5 Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

Answer 1

1.) intellectual disability
2.) Communication disorders
3.) Autism spectrum disorders
4.) ADHD / Hyperactive disorder
5.) Specific learning disorder
6.) Motor disorders

Question 2

What is the DSM-5 Anxiety disrorder?

Answer 2

Separation anxiety disorder

Question 3

What are the DSM-5 Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders?

Answer 3

1.) Oppositional defiant disorder
2.) Intermittent Explosive Disorder
3.) Conduct disorder

Question 4

What are the 2 groupings for disorders?

Answer 4

1.) Disorders that are first diagnosed at an early age
2.) Disorders that can be diagnosed at any time

Question 5

What is developmental psychopathology?

Answer 5

Subfield devoted to studying the origins and course of maladjustment in the context of normal growth processes

Question 6

What are child vulnerabilities?

Answer 6

1.) less complex self; less self understanding
2.) More difficulty coping with stress
3.) Limited perspective
4.) more dependence on others
5.) lack of experience in dealing with adversity

Question 7

What is ADHD?

Answer 7

Difficulties that interfere with effective task-oriented behaviors
-Impulsivity
-Excessive motor activity
-Difficulty concentrating

Question 8

What is the DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD?

Answer 8

A.) Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, as characterized by (1) and/or (2)

    Inattention: six (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities 
   a.) often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work or during other activities 
    b.) often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities 
    c.) Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly 
    d.) Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace
     e.) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities 
     f.) often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort 
     g.) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities 
     h.) Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli 
     i.) Is often forgetful in daily activities

Question 9

What is the second part of the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD?

Answer 9

2.) Hyperactivity and impulsivity: six (or more) of the following symptoms have persistent for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities
a.) often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
b.) often leaves seat in situations where remaining in seat is expected
c.) often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate
d.) often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly
e.) is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor”
f.) often talks excessively
g.) Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed
h.) often has difficulty waiting his or her turn
i.) often interrupts or intrudes on others

B.) several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12 years

C.) several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more settings (e.g. at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities)

D.) There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning

E.) The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder

Question 10

Is it common to have interpersonal issues for children suffering with ADHD?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

What are the causal factors of ADHD?

Answer 11

1.) Genetics:
2.) Cortical Immaturity: tend to show smaller brain volumes especially in the frontal cortex, as individuals continue to grow the rates of diagnoses decline
3.) Low birth weight:
4.) Prenatal exposure: nicotine, alcohol

Question 12

What are treatments for ADHD?

Answer 12

1.) Drugs (Ritalin, Adderall)
2.) Parent training and classroom management
3.) Family therapy

Question 13

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 13

Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant and hostile behavior toward authority figures

Question 14

What is the frontal Cortex associative with?

Answer 14

Planning type of behaviors and motor/impulsive behaviors

Question 15

What is the DSM-5 Criteria for ODD?

Answer 15

A. A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months as evidenced by at least four symptoms from any of the following categories, and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling.
Angry/Irritable Mood
1. Often loses temper.
2. Is often touchy or easily annoyed.
3. Is often angry and resentful.
Argumentative/Defiant Behavior
4. Often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults.
5. Often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules.
6. Often deliberately annoys others.
7.) Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior.
Vindictiveness
8. Has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the last 6 months.
Note: The persistence and frequency of these behaviors should be used to distinguish a behavior that is within normal limits from a behavior that is symptomatic. For children younger than 5 years, the behavior should occur on most days for a period of at least 6 months unless otherwise noted. For individuals 5 years or older, the behavior should occur at least once per week for at least 6 months. While these frequency criteria provide guidance on a minimal level of frequency to define symptoms, other factors should also be considered, such as whether the frequency and intensity of the behaviors are outside a range that is normative for the individual’s developmental level, gender and culture.

В. The disturbance in behavior is associated with distress in the individual or others in his or her immediate social context, or it impacts negatively on social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

C. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, depressive, or bipolar disorder.

Question 16

What is conduct disorder?

Answer 16

Persistent pattern of behaviors involving the violation of societal rules and the indifference to the rights of others
-Hostility, disobedience, aggression
-Cruelty to animals, bullying, vandalism
-Lack of remorse

Question 17

What is the DSM-5 Criteria of Conduct disordeR?

Answer 17

A. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of at least three of the following 15 criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
Aggression to People and Animals
1. Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others.
2. Often initiates physical fights.
3. Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others.
Has been physically cruel to people.
5. Has been physically cruel to animals.
6. Has stolen while confronting a victim.
7. Has forced someone into sexual activity.
Destruction of property
8. Has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage.
9. Has deliberately destroyed others’ property.
Deceitfulness or Theft
10. Has broken into someone else’s house, building or car.
11. Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e. cons others).
12. Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim.
Serious Violation of Rules
13. Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13.
14. Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in the parental or parental surrogate home, or once without returning for a lengthy period.
15. Is often truant from school, beginning before age 13
B. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
C. If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for antisocial personality disorder.

Question 18

What are the risk factors of conduct disorder?

Answer 18

Low SES
Parental Stress

Question 19

What are the conduct disorder causal factors?

Answer 19

Genetic predisposition
Psychosocial factors
-family environment
-peer rejection and affiliation

Question 20

What are treatments for conduct disorder?

Answer 20

Modify Childs environment (parent training)

CBT

Prozac

Question 21

What is a learning disability?

Answer 21

Problem in a specific learning area not due to intellectual disability or poor educational opportunities

Question 22

What are the DSM-5 Specifiers for specific learning disorder?

Answer 22

1.) Mathematics Disorder (dyscalculia)

2.) Reading disorder (dyslexia)

3.) Disorder of written expression (dysgraphia)

Question 23

What is the DSM-5 criteria for specific learning disorder?

Answer 23

A. Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties:
1. Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading (e.g., reads single words aloud incorrectly or slowly and hesitantly, frequently guesses words, has difficulty sounding out words).
2. Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read (e.g., may read text accurately but not understand the sequence, relationships, inferences, or deeper meanings of what is read).
3.
4.|
Difficulties with spelling (eg., may add, omit or substitute vowels or consonants).
Difficulties with written expression (e.g., makes multiple grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expression of ideas lack clarity).
5. Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation (e.g., has poor understanding of numbers, their magnitude, and relationships; counts on fingers to add single-digit numbers instead of recalling the math facts as peers do; gets lost in the midst of arithmetic computation and may switch procedures).
6. Difficulties with mathematical reasoning (e.g., has severe difficulty applying mathematical concepts, facts, or procedures to solve quantitative problems).
B.
The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for the individual’s chronological age, and cause significant interference with academic or occupational performance, or with activities of daily living, as confirmed by individually administered standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessment.
For individuals age 17 years and older, a documented history of impairing learning difficulties may be substituted for the standardized assessment.
C.
The learning difficulties begin during school-age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills exceed the individual’s limited capacities (e.g., as in timed tests, reading or writing lengthy complex reports for a tight deadline, excessively heavy academic loads).
D.
The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, psychosocial adversity, lack of proficiency

Question 24

What are the causal factors of specific learning disorder (biological origin) ?

Answer 24

Genetic

Brain abnormalities affecting visual and auditory information processing

Low birth weight, prematurity

Prenatal nicotine exposure

Question 25

What is the most researched of the specific learning disorders?

Answer 25

Dyslexia

Question 26

What is autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 26

Developmental disorder involving wide range of problematic behaviors, including:
-Deficits in communication and social interaction
-Restricted and fixated interests
-Repetitive behaviors

Question 27

What side of the brain do people with specific learning disorder have less activation in?

Answer 27

left hemisphere

Question 28

What are the DSM-4 disorders with Autism?

Answer 28

1.) Autism
2.) asperger’s syndrome
3.) childhood disintegrative disorder
4.) pervasive developmental disorder

Question 29

What are the symptoms and associated features of ASD?.

Answer 29

1.) Social deficit
2.) Language deficit
3.) Echolalia = parrot-like repetition
4.) Self-stimulation
5.) Preservation of sameness
6.) marked impairment in intellectual ability (most children will have below average IQ)

Question 30

What plays a larger role in intellectual disorders?

Answer 30

alcohol

Question 31

What are the DSM-5 Criteria for ASD?

Answer 31

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text)
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.
2i
3.
Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging, for example, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.
Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships, ranging, for example, from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers.

Question 32

What is the treatment for specific learning disorders?

Answer 32

accommodations

Question 33

What is the second part of the DSM-5 criteria for ASD?

Answer 33

B. Restricted, repetitive pattern of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history:
1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases).
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food every day).
3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g., strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests).
4. Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement).
C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies in later life).
D.
Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of current functioning
E.
These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder frequently co-occur; to make comorbid diagnoses or autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, social communication should be below that expected for general developmental level

Question 34

What are the causes of ASD?

Answer 34

1.) Genetic
2.) Damage/deficiency in CNS

Question 35

What is an intellectual disability?

Answer 35

General deficits in intellectual abilities and adaptive functioning, beginning before the age of 18

Question 36

What are the DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disabilities?

Answer 36

Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is a disorder with onset during the development period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social and practical domains. The following three criteria must be met:
A.
Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by both clinical assessments and individualized, standardized intelligence testing.
B.
Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Without ongoing support, the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life, such as communication, social participation, and independent living, across multiple environments, such as home, school, work and community.
C. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period.

Question 37

What are the causes of ASD?

Answer 37

1.) Chromosomal and genetic disorders
-Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
-fragile X syndrome
-PKU

2.) Infectious diseases

3.) Prenatal alcohol exposure

4.) Environmental toxins

5.) Birth complications

6.) Psychosocial factors

Question 38

Do people with autism like to be by themselves?

Answer 38

Girl duh

Question 39

What is fragile X syndrome?

Question 40

Are children with autism typically good babies?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

What is sevant syndrome?

Answer 41

Showing exceptional skill in some areas

Question 42

What is personality?

Answer 42

Distinctive and stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions and motives that characterize an individual

Question 43

What are the 7 ways that personality develops?

Answer 43

1.) Psychoanalytic theory
2.) Neo-analytic theory
3.) Biological
4.) Behavioral
5.) Cognitive
6.) Humanistic
7.) Trait

Question 44

How does the personality develop?

Answer 44

Temperament + environment –> personality

Question 45

What makes the individuals personality abnormal?

Answer 45

1.) Deviate from societal norms
2.) Impaired social or occupational functioning
3.) Causes subjective distress (individual or other)
4.) Inflexible and maladaptive

Question 46

What is the DSM-5 for personality disorders?

Answer 46

-Pervasive and inflexible
-Stable and of long duration
-Causes either:
-Clinically significant distress
-Impairment in functioning

Question 47

What is cluster A of the personality disorder clusters?

Answer 47

Odd/eccentric
-Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Question 48

What is cluster b of the personality disorder clusters?

Answer 48

Dramatic/Emotional/Erratic
-Histrionic, Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial

Question 49

What is cluster C of the personality disorder clusters?

Answer 49

Anxious/Fearful
-Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Question 50

What is paranoid personality disorder?

Answer 50

Distrustful and suspicious of others

Question 51

What is the DSM-5 criteria for paranoid personality disorder?

Answer 51

A.) A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:

    1.) Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving him or her.
    2.) Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
    3.) Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
    4.) Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
    5.) Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries or slights).
    6.) Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
    7.) Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.

Question 52

What is schizoid personality disordeR?

Answer 52

Unable and uninterested in forming relationships

Question 53

What is the DSM-5 for schizoid personality disorder?

Answer 53

A.) A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:

     1.) Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
    2.) Almost always chooses solitary activities.
    3.) Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
    4.) Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities.
    5.) Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
    6.) Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others.
    7.) Shows emotional coldness, detachment or flattened affectivity.

В.) Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.

Question 54

What is schizotypal?

Answer 54

Socially inept and isolated, with distortions of speech, thinking and behaviors

Question 55

What is the DSM-5 for Schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer 55

A.) A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

    1.) Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference)
   2.) Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or "sixth sense"; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
   3.) Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
   4.) Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate or stereotyped).
   5.) Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
   6.) Inappropriate or constricted affect.
   7.) Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric or peculiar.
   8.) Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
   9.) Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

Question 56

What is histrionic personality disorder?

Answer 56

Overly dramatic, excessively seductive, and loves to be the center of attention

Question 57

What is the DSM-5 criteria for histrionic personality disorder?

Answer 57

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

    1.) Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention.
    2.) Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior.
    3.) Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions.
    4.) Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self.
    5.) Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail.
   6.) Shows self-dramatization, theatricality and exaggerated expression of emotion.
   7.) Is suggestible (i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances).
  8.) Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are.

Question 58

What is narcissistic personality disordeR?

Answer 58

Always self-promoting with an exaggerated sense of self-importance

Question 59

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer 59

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy and behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

     1.) Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements or
     2.) talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements). Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love.
    3.) Believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions)
    4.) Requires excessive admiration.
    5.) Has a sense of entitlement (i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations).
    6.) Is interpersonally exploitative (i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends).
    7.) Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others.
    8.) Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of his or her.
    9.) Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.

Question 60

What is borderline personality disorder?

Answer 60

Characterized by impulsivity, mood swings, mild thought disturbances and instability of interpersonal relationships

Question 61

What is the DSM-5 criteria for borderline personality disorder?

Answer 61

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

    1.) Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
    2.) A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
    3.) Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
    4.) Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating).
   5.) Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures or threats, or self-mutilating behavior.
   6.) Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days)
   7.) Chronic feelings of emptiness.
   8.) Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights)
   9.) Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

Question 62

What are the possible causal factors of borderline personality disorder?

Answer 62

1.) Genetic
2.) Childhood adversity/abuse
3.) Decreased functioning of serotonin system

Question 63

What is antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 63

Related to the terms “psychopathy” and “sociopathy”

Question 64

What is antisocial personality disorder described as?

Answer 64

Most interpersonally destructive and harmful individuals

Question 65

What is the DSM-5 criteria for Antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 65

A. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:

    1.) Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
    2.) Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
    3.) Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
    4.) Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
    5.) Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
    6.) Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
    7.) Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated or stolen from another.

B. The individual is at least age 18 years.

C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Question 66

What are the possible causal factors of antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 66

1.) genetics
2.) cortical immaturity
3.) Family/parental upbringing
4.) Sociocultural
5.) Learning

Question 67

What is avoidant personality disorder?

Answer 67

Extreme social inhibition and introversion, fear of rejection leading to avoidance of interpersonal relationships

Question 68

What is the DSM-5 criteria of avoidant personality disorder?

Answer 68

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:

    1.) Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.
    2.) Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked.
    3.) Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed
    4.) Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations.
    5.) Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy.
    6.) Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others.
    7.) Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing.

Question 69

What is dependent personality disorder?

Answer 69

Always has to be in relationship and feels the need to be taken care of

Question 70

What is the DSM-5 criteria for dependent personality disordeR?

Answer 70

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

     1.) Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.
     2.) Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life. 
     3.) Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval.
    4.) Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy).
    5.) Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant.
    6.) Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself.
    7.) Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.
    8.) Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself.

Question 71

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

Answer 71

high need for organization, perfection and control

Question 72

What is the DSM-5 criteria for obsessive compulsive?

Answer 72

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1.) Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major points of the activity is lost
2.) Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g. is unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict standards are not met)
3.) Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships (not accounted for by obvious economic necessity)
4.) Is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values (not accounted for by cultural or religious identification)
5.) is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value
6.) Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his order her way of doing things
7.) Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes
8.) Shows rigidity and stubbornness

Question 73

What is the treatment for personality disorder?

Answer 73

1.) medication
2.) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
3.) dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Question 74

What is mental health and the law?

Answer 74

1.) Decisions must be made about involuntary commitment
2.) Competence to stand trial is in doubt
3.) Person accused of crime bases defense on insanity plea
4.) Rights of mental patients are legally tested

Question 75

What is forensic psychology?

Answer 75

Intersection between field of mental health and law (legal issues)
-Legal status of individuals with psychological disorders
-Rights of patients vs. rights of society

Question 76

What is civil commitment ?

Answer 76

1.) Voluntary vs. involuntary

Question 77

What is involuntary regarding civil commitment?

Answer 77

-Serious “mental illness” and is in need of treatment or care in hospital

Dangerous to self or others

Incapable of providing for own needs

Unable to make responsible decisions about hospitalization

Question 78

What is criminal commitment?

Answer 78

1.) Accused of crime, but not “competent to stand trial”
-Cannot understand proceedings or assist In defense
-Cannot understand charges against them

2.) uses insanity defense (NGRI)–> psychiatric facility until they are deemed not a danger to the public

Question 79

What is the M’Naghten rule (1843)?

Answer 79

Don’t know right from wrong

Question 80

What happens if a person is incompetent to stand trial?

Answer 80

They will be held until they are competent to stand trial or they will remain in a psychiatric facility

Question 81

What is irresistible impulse (1887)?

Answer 81

Lost power to choose right from wrong (if you can’t resist the impulse to perform the wrong behavior)

Question 82

What is the Durham rule? (1954)

Answer 82

Result of mental disease or defect

Question 83

What is the American Law Institute? (ALI-1962)

Answer 83

Due to mental defect, lacked “substantial capacity” to appreciate act’s criminal character or to conform the behavior to the law

Question 84

What is the federal insanity defense reform act (1984)?

Answer 84

Unable to appreciate the nature of the act

Question 85

What adult disorder is highly associated with conduct disorder in childhood?

Answer 85

anti social personality disorder

Question 86

What are the characteristics of dyslexia?

Answer 86

difficulties with accurate and fluent word reading and spelling, primarily stemming from challenges with phonological awareness,

Question 87

What are the causes of an intellectual disability?

Answer 87

genetics, pregnancy, environmental factors

Question 88

What’s required for leading to involuntary civil commitment?

Answer 88

pose an overt and immediate risk of violence toward themselves or others

Question 89

What are two situations that lead to criminal commitment?

Answer 89

incompetence and criminal insanity

Question 90

What is NGRI?

Answer 90

The defendant is found to be insane at the time of the crime and is typically committed to a mental health facility for treatment.

Question 91

What is GBMI?

Answer 91

The defendant is found to be guilty of the crime but is mentally ill. The defendant is sentenced in the same way as a guilty verdict, but may also receive psychiatric treatment.

Question 92

What is the difference between NGRI and GBMI?

Answer 92

Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) verdict and a Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) verdict is the defendant’s sentence and the defendant’s mental state at the time of the crime

Question 93

What are the important factors in the evolution of the insanity defense?

Answer 93

The key factors in the evolution of the insanity defense include: the development of different legal tests to determine insanity (like the M’Naghten rule and the Model Penal Code), public perception of the defense, concerns about its potential abuse, and ongoing debates about whether a person with a mental illness can be considered morally responsible for their actions; leading to changes in how the defense is applied in court, with some jurisdictions even abolishing it entirely

Question 94

what is the M’Naughten rule?

Answer 94

should a person who commits a crime be unable to recognize that the crime is morally or legally wrong due to mental disease or mental defect, they should be found not guilty by reason of insanity

Question 95

What is irresistible impulse?

Answer 95

An overpowering impulse that’s caused by a mental disease or defect that leads to a criminal act

Question 96

What is the durham rule?

Answer 96

defendant is not criminally responsible if their unlawful act was the product of mental illness

Question 97

What is the ALI rule?

Answer 97

defendant is not criminally responsible for their actions if they lack the ability to understand the wrongfulness of their actions or to control their behavior

Question 98

What is the insanity defense reform act?

Answer 98

comprehensively address the insanity defense and the treatment of people with mental illness in the criminal justice system

Question 99

what is the right to treatment?

Answer 99

a person’s legal and ethical right to receive appropriate mental health care

Question 100

What is the least restrictive alternative?

Answer 100

when treating a person with mental illness, the chosen intervention should be the least intrusive and restrictive option possible, while still providing necessary care

Question 101

What is the right to refuse treatment?

Answer 101

patient with mental health issues has the legal right to decline any recommended treatment

Question 102

what is informed consent?

Answer 102

researchers working with human participants describe their research project and obtain the subjects’ consent to participate in the research based on the subjects’ understanding of the project’s methods and goals. Most research projects require informed consent

Question 103

What is confidentiality?

Answer 103

therapist or mental health professional must protect a client’s private information and not disclose details of their therapy sessions to anyone without their explicit consent

Question 104

What are 3 situations where confidentiality can be breached?

Answer 104

accusation of malpractice by client
-client younger that=n 16 shows signs pf abuse
-client believed to be a danger to self or others

Question 105

What is the Tarasoff decision?

Answer 105

therapists are obligated to warn a victim if a patient threatens harm to them, even in the context of a private and confidential therapy session.