Cumulative Final Exam review Flashcards
What is abnormal behavior?
any pattern of behavior that deviates from the norm
What is maladaptive behavior?
action that hinders a person’s ability to adapt to their environment or situation
Main historical models for causes and treatment of psych disorders
Supernatural models
Biological models
Psychological models
What is the supernatural model causes?
action of God(s)
spirits or demons
movement of stars / planets
witchcraft
What are the treatments of the supernatural model?
exorcisms
beatings / torture
trephination
What is the biological model causes?
brain pathology
head trauma
genetics
What is the biological model treatments?
special diets
rest
abstinence from alcohol
regular exercise
celibacy
What is the psychological model for the treatment of psychological disorders?
proposes that biological and social factors, together with a person’s individual experiences, lead to mental disorder through their conjoint effects on those psychological processes
How do researchers estimate genetic contributions?
1) Pedigree studies
2) Linkage Studies
3) Twin studies & Adoption method
What are pedigree studies?
Used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait
What are linkage studies?
traces patterns of disease in high risk families
What is the responsibility of norepinephrine?
Fight or flight response (anxiety)
What is the responsibility of dopamine?
Controls reward motivated behavior as well as movements and sensation and is linked to things like Parkinson’s
What is the responsibility of serotonin?
Pleasure, helps to regulate mood, and is linked to depression
What is the responsibility of GABA?
Decreases the chance of neural firing and is linked to schizo
What does serotonin do?
Processing of information; regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes
What is the function of norepinephrine?
Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep
What is the function of Acetylcholine?
Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory
What is the function of Gamma-aminobutyric acid?
Regulation of mood, especially anxiety, arousal, and behavior
What is the function of Glutamate?
Influences learning and memory
What is the function of dopamine/
Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement
What is reuptake
informs a neuron about the amount of neurotransmitter needed to be released in the future.
What is the id?
basic instinctual drives of the unconscious that are driven by pleasure. (max pleasure focus)
What is the ego?
Mediates the demands of the superego and id
What is the superego ?
contains internalized values and corresponding to something like a “conscious” (moral compass).
What is the order of the psychosexual stages of development/
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
What is the anal stage?
(1.5-3yrs) control complex (results from potty training. Too strict= OCD. Too loose= Laziness)`
What’s the oral stage?
birth to 1.5yrs) obsession with putting things in mouth (e.g. breast feeding, thumb sucking)
What is the phallic stage?
(3-5yrs) realization of genitals and gender differences. (this is when Oedipal and Elektra Complexes emerge)
What is the latency stage?
(6yrs- early teens) nothing significant
What is the genital stage/
Teens sex drive
What are defense mechanisms?
1) ways of trying to reduce stress and anxiety
2) Involve denial and distortion of memory
3) Operate at an unconscious level
4) Operate mechanically and voluntarily
What is repression?
Unconscious but intentional forgetting
What is displacement?
Disturbing emotion or conflict is transferred from its original source onto some less threatening object or situation
what is regression?
reverts to an earlier stage of development
What is sublimation?
redirects unacceptable impulses or emotions into more socially acceptable behaviors
What is classical conditioning?
occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
What is operant conditioning?
Behavior is controlled by consequences ((negative reinforcement)
What is extinction?
gradual weakening of a conditioned response
What is spontaneous recovery?
reappearance of conditioned response after a period of time
What is shaping?
training a learned behavior that would not normally occur
What is the unconditioned response?
automatic response to a stimulus
What is the conditioned response?
gradual weakening of a conditioned response
What are token economies?
learner earns tokens by engaging in a targeted behavior
What is systematic desensitization?
patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques
what is positive reinforcement?
increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring by adding a pleasurable reward after the behavior occurs
What is negative reinforcement?
encourages desired behaviors by removing an undesirable stimulus
What is modeling?
client learns by imitation alone, copying a human model without any specific verbal direction
What is the DSM-5?
symptoms for each category is clearly listed and descriptions are given, social and cultural considerations, assumptions about suspected causes of disorders are NOT used
How is the DSM-5 used?
provides clear, highly detailed definitions of mental health and brain-related conditions
What are interviews?
a meeting between a pt and a psychologist
What is a mental status exam?
observations made during and interview paired together w/ a person’s responses to certain types of questions
What is the mental status exam?
1.) Appearance and behavior
2.) Thought processes (inferences based on how they are presenting)
3.) mood and effect
4.) intellectual functioning
5.) sensorium – do they know where they are
What is correlational research?
research done to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables across a number of people
Correlational Coefficient
(r) used to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables (scored between -1 & 1)
What is a case study?
an in depth analysis of a single individual or small number of individuals
What are the 3 requirements for an experiment?
1) Manipulation of IV
2) Accurate measurement of DV
3) Control over Extraneous variables`
What is depressive disorder?
substantial sadness and related characteristic symptoms.
What is bipolar disorder?
characterized by depression and mania.
What is a major depressive episode ( time period and symptoms)
A period of time, two weeks or longer, marked by sad or empty mood most of the day, nearly every day, and other symptoms.
What is major depressive disorder in its definition?
A mental disorder often marked by multiple major depressive episodes.
What is unipolar?
clinical episodes of depressed mood
What is persistent depressive disorder? (dysthymia)
chronic feeling of depression for at least two years
What is Cyclothymic disorder?
fluctuating symptoms of hypomania and depression for at least two years
What does Bipolar 1 disorder refer to?
one or more manic episodes
What is bipolar 2 disorder?
hypomania that alternate with episodes of major depression
What is the behavioral perspective?
extinction of active behaviors
lack of rewards due to lack in social skills
learned because they lead to rewards
what is the cognitive explanation for depression?
negative thought patterns, interpretations, and beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future, often referred to as “schemas,
what is the behavioral explanation for depression?
Reduced engagement in pleasurable activities, Social withdrawal, Avoidance behaviors, and Ruminating on problems
what is the psychological explanation for depression?
complex interaction between negative thought patterns, stressful life events, and coping mechanisms
how does stress influence the occurrence of depression?
increases the occurrence of depression
what neurotransmitters are associated with depression?
serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, dopamine
what is panic disorder?
Recurrent panic attacks, which are sudden and intense episodes of physical and psychological distress
what is generalized anxiety disorder?
Excessive and persistent worry about daily activities, such as work, health, or chores
what is social anxiety disorder?
Fear of social situations that might lead to embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection. People with social anxiety disorder may feel anxious and uncomfortable in social interactions
what is agoraphobia?
Fear of situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing, or help might not be available.`
what is separation anxiety disorder?
Excessive fear of being separated from people with whom the person has a deep emotional bond
What is OCD?
Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that run through one’s mind
what are specific phobias?
Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations that lead to avoidance behavior and significant distress
What is the DSM-5 definition for body dysmorphic disorder?
preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
oversensitivity and overabundance of dopamine
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
excess or distortion of normal behavior
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
absence or deficit of normal behavior
-diminished emotional expression
-anhedonia (reduced pleasure)
-avolition (apathy)
-alogia
-asociality
what is alogia?
decreased quality or quantity of speech
What are the genetic risk factors of schizophrenia?
adoption studies
twin studies
family studies
What is anorexia nervosa
1.) restriction of behaviors that promote healthy weight
2.) intense fear of gaining weight or being fat
3.) distorted body image or sense of body shape`
what is bulimia?
1.) feelings of lack of control during binges
2.) fear of weight gain
3.) excessive emphasis on body shape and weight on self-image
What is dissociative amnesia?
Sudden inability to remember personal information or events
-Usually preceded by some stress/trauma
-Generalized vs. Localized (selective)
-Deficits in explicit memory; not implicit
what is dissociative fugue?
Individuals leave their locale travel somewhere else and then become amnesic for their original information
What is conversion disorder
Symptoms or deficits in sensory or motor behavior that cannot be explained by known medical condition
what is factitious disorder?
intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms (or both), but with no external incentives like with malingering
What is malingering?
Intentionally producing or grossly exaggerating physical symptoms to gain external incentives
What is somatic symptom disorder?
usually experience multiple somatic symptoms that are distressing and/or disrupt their daily lives
What is OCD in DSM-5?
presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
what are compulsions?
overt repetitive behaviors or mental rituals that the individual is driven to perform over and over
what are obsessions
anxiety-producing, persistent idea, thought, image, or impulse
What is hoarding disorder?
preoccupation with collecting items and a failure to discard items
What is PTSD?
- Traumatic event has to be experienced in
person - Feelings of helplessness or horror not
required
What is Acute stress disordeR?
Same as PTSD but it needs 9 of the criterion
anxiety and dissociative symptoms following a traumatic experience.
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia
Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1- month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2) or (3):
Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition)
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Individual manifests at least 2 distinct
personalities/identities that alternate in some
way in taking control of behavior
What is the physiology behind the stress response in the ANS and HPA axis?
Environmental stress NE in hypothalamus
Pituitary Adrenal glands release of cortisol
