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PSY 333 > Cumulative Final Exam review > Flashcards

Cumulative Final Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormal behavior?

A

any pattern of behavior that deviates from the norm

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2
Q

What is maladaptive behavior?

A

action that hinders a person’s ability to adapt to their environment or situation

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3
Q

Main historical models for causes and treatment of psych disorders

A

Supernatural models
Biological models
Psychological models

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4
Q

What is the supernatural model causes?

A

action of God(s)
spirits or demons
movement of stars / planets
witchcraft

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5
Q

What are the treatments of the supernatural model?

A

exorcisms
beatings / torture
trephination

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6
Q

What is the biological model causes?

A

brain pathology
head trauma
genetics

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7
Q

What is the biological model treatments?

A

special diets
rest
abstinence from alcohol
regular exercise
celibacy

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8
Q

What is the psychological model for the treatment of psychological disorders?

A

proposes that biological and social factors, together with a person’s individual experiences, lead to mental disorder through their conjoint effects on those psychological processes

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9
Q

How do researchers estimate genetic contributions?

A

1) Pedigree studies
2) Linkage Studies
3) Twin studies & Adoption method

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10
Q

What are pedigree studies?

A

Used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait

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11
Q

What are linkage studies?

A

traces patterns of disease in high risk families

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12
Q

What is the responsibility of norepinephrine?

A

Fight or flight response (anxiety)

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12
Q

What is the responsibility of dopamine?

A

Controls reward motivated behavior as well as movements and sensation and is linked to things like Parkinson’s

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12
Q

What is the responsibility of serotonin?

A

Pleasure, helps to regulate mood, and is linked to depression

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13
Q

What is the responsibility of GABA?

A

Decreases the chance of neural firing and is linked to schizo

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14
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Processing of information; regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes

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14
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine?

A

Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep

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15
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine?

A

Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory

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16
Q

What is the function of Gamma-aminobutyric acid?

A

Regulation of mood, especially anxiety, arousal, and behavior

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16
Q

What is the function of Glutamate?

A

Influences learning and memory

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17
Q

What is the function of dopamine/

A

Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement

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17
Q

What is reuptake

A

informs a neuron about the amount of neurotransmitter needed to be released in the future.

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18
Q

What is the id?

A

basic instinctual drives of the unconscious that are driven by pleasure. (max pleasure focus)

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19
Q

What is the ego?

A

Mediates the demands of the superego and id

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20
Q

What is the superego ?

A

contains internalized values and corresponding to something like a “conscious” (moral compass).

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21
Q

What is the order of the psychosexual stages of development/

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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22
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

(1.5-3yrs) control complex (results from potty training. Too strict= OCD. Too loose= Laziness)`

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22
Q

What’s the oral stage?

A

birth to 1.5yrs) obsession with putting things in mouth (e.g. breast feeding, thumb sucking)

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23
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

(3-5yrs) realization of genitals and gender differences. (this is when Oedipal and Elektra Complexes emerge)

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24
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

(6yrs- early teens) nothing significant

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25
Q

What is the genital stage/

A

Teens sex drive

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26
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

1) ways of trying to reduce stress and anxiety
2) Involve denial and distortion of memory
3) Operate at an unconscious level
4) Operate mechanically and voluntarily

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27
Q

What is repression?

A

Unconscious but intentional forgetting

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28
Q

What is displacement?

A

Disturbing emotion or conflict is transferred from its original source onto some less threatening object or situation

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29
Q

what is regression?

A

reverts to an earlier stage of development

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30
Q

What is sublimation?

A

redirects unacceptable impulses or emotions into more socially acceptable behaviors

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31
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

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32
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behavior is controlled by consequences ((negative reinforcement)

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33
Q

What is extinction?

A

gradual weakening of a conditioned response

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34
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance of conditioned response after a period of time

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35
Q

What is shaping?

A

training a learned behavior that would not normally occur

36
Q

What is the unconditioned response?

A

automatic response to a stimulus

37
Q

What is the conditioned response?

A

gradual weakening of a conditioned response

38
Q

What are token economies?

A

learner earns tokens by engaging in a targeted behavior

39
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques

40
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring by adding a pleasurable reward after the behavior occurs

41
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

encourages desired behaviors by removing an undesirable stimulus

42
Q

What is modeling?

A

client learns by imitation alone, copying a human model without any specific verbal direction

43
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

symptoms for each category is clearly listed and descriptions are given, social and cultural considerations, assumptions about suspected causes of disorders are NOT used

44
Q

How is the DSM-5 used?

A

provides clear, highly detailed definitions of mental health and brain-related conditions

45
Q

What are interviews?

A

a meeting between a pt and a psychologist

46
Q

What is a mental status exam?

A

observations made during and interview paired together w/ a person’s responses to certain types of questions

47
Q

What is the mental status exam?

A

1.) Appearance and behavior

2.) Thought processes (inferences based on how they are presenting)

3.) mood and effect

4.) intellectual functioning

5.) sensorium – do they know where they are

48
Q

What is correlational research?

A

research done to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables across a number of people

49
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

(r) used to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables (scored between -1 & 1)

50
Q

What is a case study?

A

an in depth analysis of a single individual or small number of individuals

51
Q

What are the 3 requirements for an experiment?

A

1) Manipulation of IV
2) Accurate measurement of DV
3) Control over Extraneous variables`

52
Q

What is depressive disorder?

A

substantial sadness and related characteristic symptoms.

53
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

characterized by depression and mania.

54
Q

What is a major depressive episode ( time period and symptoms)

A

A period of time, two weeks or longer, marked by sad or empty mood most of the day, nearly every day, and other symptoms.

55
Q

What is major depressive disorder in its definition?

A

A mental disorder often marked by multiple major depressive episodes.

56
Q

What is unipolar?

A

clinical episodes of depressed mood

57
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder? (dysthymia)

A

chronic feeling of depression for at least two years

58
Q

What is Cyclothymic disorder?

A

fluctuating symptoms of hypomania and depression for at least two years

59
Q

What does Bipolar 1 disorder refer to?

A

one or more manic episodes

60
Q

What is bipolar 2 disorder?

A

hypomania that alternate with episodes of major depression

60
Q

What is the behavioral perspective?

A

extinction of active behaviors

lack of rewards due to lack in social skills

learned because they lead to rewards

61
Q

what is the cognitive explanation for depression?

A

negative thought patterns, interpretations, and beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future, often referred to as “schemas,

62
Q

what is the behavioral explanation for depression?

A

Reduced engagement in pleasurable activities, Social withdrawal, Avoidance behaviors, and Ruminating on problems

63
Q

what is the psychological explanation for depression?

A

complex interaction between negative thought patterns, stressful life events, and coping mechanisms

64
Q

how does stress influence the occurrence of depression?

A

increases the occurrence of depression

65
Q

what neurotransmitters are associated with depression?

A

serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, dopamine

66
Q

what is panic disorder?

A

Recurrent panic attacks, which are sudden and intense episodes of physical and psychological distress

67
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive and persistent worry about daily activities, such as work, health, or chores

68
Q

what is social anxiety disorder?

A

Fear of social situations that might lead to embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection. People with social anxiety disorder may feel anxious and uncomfortable in social interactions

69
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing, or help might not be available.`

70
Q

what is separation anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive fear of being separated from people with whom the person has a deep emotional bond

71
Q

What is OCD?

A

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that run through one’s mind

71
Q

what are specific phobias?

A

Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations that lead to avoidance behavior and significant distress

72
Q

What is the DSM-5 definition for body dysmorphic disorder?

A

preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others

73
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

oversensitivity and overabundance of dopamine

74
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

excess or distortion of normal behavior

75
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

absence or deficit of normal behavior

-diminished emotional expression
-anhedonia (reduced pleasure)
-avolition (apathy)
-alogia
-asociality

76
Q

what is alogia?

A

decreased quality or quantity of speech

77
Q

What are the genetic risk factors of schizophrenia?

A

adoption studies
twin studies
family studies

78
Q

What is anorexia nervosa

A

1.) restriction of behaviors that promote healthy weight
2.) intense fear of gaining weight or being fat
3.) distorted body image or sense of body shape`

79
Q

what is bulimia?

A

1.) feelings of lack of control during binges
2.) fear of weight gain
3.) excessive emphasis on body shape and weight on self-image

80
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A

Sudden inability to remember personal information or events
-Usually preceded by some stress/trauma
-Generalized vs. Localized (selective)
-Deficits in explicit memory; not implicit

81
Q

what is dissociative fugue?

A

Individuals leave their locale travel somewhere else and then become amnesic for their original information

82
Q

What is conversion disorder

A

Symptoms or deficits in sensory or motor behavior that cannot be explained by known medical condition

83
Q

what is factitious disorder?

A

intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms (or both), but with no external incentives like with malingering

84
Q

What is malingering?

A

Intentionally producing or grossly exaggerating physical symptoms to gain external incentives

85
Q

What is somatic symptom disorder?

A

usually experience multiple somatic symptoms that are distressing and/or disrupt their daily lives

86
Q

What is OCD in DSM-5?

A

presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both

87
Q

what are compulsions?

A

overt repetitive behaviors or mental rituals that the individual is driven to perform over and over

88
Q

what are obsessions

A

anxiety-producing, persistent idea, thought, image, or impulse

89
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A

preoccupation with collecting items and a failure to discard items

90
Q

What is PTSD?

A
  1. Traumatic event has to be experienced in
    person
  2. Feelings of helplessness or horror not
    required
91
Q

What is Acute stress disordeR?

A

Same as PTSD but it needs 9 of the criterion

anxiety and dissociative symptoms following a traumatic experience.

92
Q

DSM-5 Criteria for Schizophrenia

A

Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1- month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2) or (3):
Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence)
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition)

93
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

Individual manifests at least 2 distinct
personalities/identities that alternate in some
way in taking control of behavior

94
Q

What is the physiology behind the stress response in the ANS and HPA axis?

A

Environmental stress  NE in hypothalamus 
Pituitary  Adrenal glands  release of cortisol

PSY 333 (16 decks)

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