Notes for the Quiz Thursday Flashcards
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
excess or distortion of normal behavior
What is psychosis?
characterized by loss of contact with reality
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
absence or deficit of normal behavior
What are delusions?
firmly held beliefs with no basis in reality
what are delusions of persecution?
convinced someone is conspiring against you (positive)
what are delusions of influence
others or external forces are controlling a person’s thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behaviors (positive)
what are delusions of grandeur?
believe you have more power or wealth than you do
what are delusions of reference?
ordinary events have special meaning and are somehow personally relevant`
what are delusions?
firmly held beliefs with no basis in reality
what are hallucinations?
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulation
what is disorganized speech?
formal thought disorder
-loosening of associations
-clang associations
-incoherence
what is disorganized behavior?
impairment of routine daily functioning
-silly behaviors, unusual dress
-lack of personal hygiene
-catatonia
what are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
-diminished emotional expression
-anhedonia (reduced pleasure)
-avolition (apathy)
-alogia
-asociality
what is alogia?
decreased quality or quantity of speech
what are cognitive impairments
-visual and verbal learning and memory deficits
-inability to pay attention
-decreased speed of processing
-impaired abstract reasoning
-impaired social cognition
what is schizoaffective disorder?
hybrid of schizophrenia and a mood disorder, where mood symptoms must be present for more than 50% of total illness
what is schizophreniform disorder?
shorter duration schizophrenia; must last at least a month but no more than 6 months
what is delusional disorder?
delusions present but otherwise fairly normal functioning
what are common delusions?
1.) Erotomanic: delusions of a person being infatuated with them
2.) Grandiosity (im Jesus) –> usually for this disorder would not be as extreme
3.) Jealousy
4.) Persecution
5.) Somatic
What are the elements of the neurodevelopment hypothesis?
pregnancy and birth complications (oxygen deprivation = high risk for developing schizophrenia)
What is mesocortical?
deficits, stop expressing emotion/talking
What are the genetic risk factors of schizophrenia?
adoption studies
twin studies
family studies
what is the main reason for schizophrenia?
biological
What are the neurochemistry
dopamine hypothesis
glutamate hypothesis
What is the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?
Cause of schizophrenia Is a functional excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
oversensitivity and overabundance of dopamine
What are the dopamine pathways?
1.) Mesolimbic
2.) Nigrostriatal
3.) Mesocortical
What is the mesolimbic?
Hallucinations, delusions
What is the nigostriatal?
side effects comparable to Parkinsons
what is the flat affect?
lack of variety in emotional expression and speech h
what is the inappropriate effect?
Emotion not appropriate for a given situation.
what is catatonic?
Tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods.
what is catatonic behavior?
Unusual motor behaviors in people with schizophrenia.
what is avolition?
An inability or unwillingness to engage in goal-directed activities.
what is anhedonia?
Lack of pleasure or interest in life activities.
what is the prodromal phase?
An initial phase of schizophrenia marked by peculiar thoughts and behaviors but without active psychotic features.
what is the psychotic prophase?
A phase of schizophrenia between the prodromal and active phases involving the onset of the first positive symptom of schizophrenia.
what is the active phase?
A phase of schizophrenia marked by full-blown psychotic features such as delusions and hallucinations.
what is the residual phase?
A phase of schizophrenia usually after the active phase involving peculiar thoughts and behaviors similar to the prodromal phase.
what is brief psychotic disorder?
A psychotic disorder marked by features of schizophrenia lasting one day to one month.
what is the neurodevelopment hypothesis?
An etiological model for psychotic disorders that assumes early changes in key brain areas and gradual progression over the lifespan to full-blown symptoms.
what gender is schizophrenia more commonly seen in?
men
What is the DSM-5 criteria of brief psychotic disordeR?
A.) Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms, at least one of these must be (1), (2) or (3)
1.) Delusions
2.) Hallucinations
3.) Disorganized speech
4.) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
Note: do not include a symptom if it is a culturally sanctioned response
B.) Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning
C.) the disturbance is not better explained by major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features or another psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or catatonia, and is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
What is the DSM-5 criteria for delusional disorder?
A.) The presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer
B.) Criteria A for schizophrenia has never been met
Note: Hallucinations if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional theme (e.g. the sensation of being infested with insects associated with delusions of infestation)
C.) A part from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd
D.) If manic or depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods
E.) The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as body dysmorphic disorder or OCD
What is the DSM-5 criteria for schizophreniform disorder?
A.) Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of the time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated), at least one of these must be (1), (2) or (3)
1.) Delusions
2.) Hallucinations
3.) Disorganized speech
4.) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5.) Negative symptoms
B.) An episode of the disorder lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months. When the diagnosis must be made without waiting for recovery, it should be qualified as provisional
C.) Schizoaffective disorder or depressive disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1.) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness
D.) The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
What is the DSM-5 criteria for schizoaffective disordeR?
A.) An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode (major depressive or manic) concurrent with Criteria A of schizophrenia
Note: the major depressive episode must include Criteria A 1: depressed mood
B.) Delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode (depressive or manic) during the lifetime duration of the illness
C.) symptoms that meet criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness
D.) The disturbance is not attributable to the effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
What is the minimum length of time the individual has to have symptoms to get a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder?
4 weeks
What are the three types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder
What is the literal translation of anorexia?
lack of appetite induced by nervousness or emotional reasons
What is anorexia?
1.) restriction of behaviors that promote healthy weight
2.) intense fear of gaining weight or being fat
3.) distorted body image or sense of body shape
What are the subtypes of anorexia?
binge eating/purging
restricting (eating less)
What are the medical complications involved with anorexia?.
anemia
poor circulation and temp regulation
dermatological problems
menstrual irregularities
What is the DSM-5 Criteria for Anorexia?
A.) restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than minimally expected.
B.) Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight
C.) Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight
when are endogenous opioids release?
after excessive pain
What is the literal translation of bulimia?
ox hunger
What is bulimia?
1.) feelings of lack of control during binges
2.) fear of weight gain
3.) excessive emphasis on body shape and weight on self-image
What are the medical complications of bulimia?
decay of tooth enamel
abdominal pain
low potassium and heart irregularities
swollen salivary glands
What is the DSM-5 criteria of bulimia?
A.) recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of bing eating is characterized by both of the following.
1.) eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances.
2.) A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g. feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)
B.) recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise
C.) The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months
D.) Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
E.) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
What is binge eating disorder?
no weight loss or compensatory behaviors
What are the 3 subparts of binge eating disorder?
1.) Recurrent binges
2.) Feeling of lack of control during binge
3.) Distress about bingeing
What is an example of the sociocultural
increase in prevalence of the disorder as the national image of women getting thinner and thinner as the image goes up
What are the treatments
take people that don’t wanna be in treatment and force them into treatment
Hospitalization–weight gain
Medication:
SSRI’s
Antipsychotic (olanzapine)
Family therapy
CBT (want them to change their state of mind) –> maladaptive thoughts about eating, food, cognitive processing on their image, and their weight
What is Milieu therapy?
1.) staff expectations are clearly communicated
2.) Patients are encouraged too be involved in decisions concerning them
3.) All patients belong to social groups on ward
What are social learning programs (token economies)?
What are the rights of patients?
1.) right to treatment
2.) Freedom from custodial confinement
3.) Right to restrictive treatment
4.) Right to legal counsel at commitment hearing
5.) Right to refuse treatment
What are the ethics of therapist/client rights?
1.) competence of therapist
2.) informed consent
3.) confidentiality
When can client confidentiality be breached?
1.) Accusation of malpractice by client
2.) client younger than 16 and signs of abuse
3.) client believed to be a danger to self or others
