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PSY 333 > Review for Test 1 Answers > Flashcards

Review for Test 1 Answers Flashcards

This is the answers to the review sheet given to us

1
Q

What is abnormal psychology?

A

studies the abnormal behaviors and ways of helping people affected by psychological disorders

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2
Q

What is the purpose of abnormal psychology?

A

Describe, explain, predict and control problem behaviors

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3
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Characteristics present that distinguish the disorder

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4
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number or % of pop who have the disorder at a given time

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5
Q

What is incidence?

A

How many cases appear each year

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6
Q

What is the age of onset?

A

When disorders might start to appear in age

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7
Q

What is prognosis?

A

Rate of disease and how the disorder will likely develop

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8
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

presence of two or more disorders

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9
Q

What is lifetime prevalence?

A

% of population who has ever had the disorder

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10
Q

What are three categories of abnormal psych?

A

description and nature of abnormality, factors that cause or influence its occurrence, methods developed for treatment and their effectiveness

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11
Q

What are the types of professionals that work in the field?

A

Clinical psychologist, counselor, psychiatrist, psychiatric social worker

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12
Q

What credentials do you need to be a clinical psychologist?

A

You need a doctorate

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13
Q

What credentials do you need to be a counselor?

A
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14
Q

What credentials do you need to be a psychiatrist?

A
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15
Q

What credentials do you need to be a psychiatric social worker?

A
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16
Q

What is abnormal behavior?

A

Differing from the norm

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17
Q

What is atypical behavior?

A

Behavior that differs from the norm

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18
Q

What is maladaptive behavior?

A

behavior that interferes with a individuals daily life

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19
Q

What are the main historical models for the causes and treatment of psychological disorders?

A

Supernatural, biological, physiological

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20
Q

What are the possible causes of supernatural?

A

Action of gods, spirits or demons, movement of stars or planets, witchcraft

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21
Q

What are possible treatments for supernatural?

A

Exorcisms, beatings, torture, trephination (holes in skull)

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22
Q

What is the importance of germ theory

A
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23
Q

What does the biological model focus on?

A

Genetics, neurotransmitters, brain changes, and other physical factors

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24
Q

What does the humanistic model focus on?

A

personal growth, choice, responsibility

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25
Q

What does the psychodynamic model focus on?

A

Internal personality characteristics

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26
Q

What does the cognitive-behavioral model focus on?

A

specific thoughts and learning experiences

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27
Q

What does the sociocultural model focus on?

A

External environmental events and includes the family systems perspective

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28
Q

What is the focus and purpose of abnormal psych?

A

To study abnormal behaviors, and determine ways to help people with psychological disorders

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29
Q

What are the three categories for abnormal psych?

A

1.) Description and nature of abnormality

2.) Factors that cause or influence

3.) Methods for treatment and their effectiveness

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30
Q

What are the credentials needed for clinical/counseling psychologist?

A

2 year masters

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31
Q

What credentials is needed for a psychiatrist?

A

Medical school

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32
Q

What are the five general criteria for abnormal behavior?

A

1.) Statistical infrequency

2.) Deviance from the social norm

3.) Dysfunction (psych. disability)

4.) Distress (subjective distress)

5.) Dangerousness (to themselves or others)

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33
Q

What is the supernatural model?

A

Demons, actions of the gods, movements of stars/planets, witchcraft

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34
Q

What is the biological model?

A

Brain as seat of consciousness, (Brain pathology, head trauma, genetics )

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35
Q

What is the psychological model?

A

Behavior determined by unconscious psychological conflict

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36
Q

What is the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic model?

A

Psychopathology results in unconscious conflict

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37
Q

Historically, how were psychological causes treated?

A

Franz Anton Mesmer–Metal rods to remagnitize

Jean Charcot–hypnotism to get patients to speak

Josef Breuer–Hypnotism to get patients to reveal unconscious motives

Sigmund Freud–Conscious talk to reveal conflict

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38
Q

Historically how were biological causes treated?

A

Moral therapy, disease introduction (general paresis)

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39
Q

Discuss the importance of general paresis and the germ theory of disease to the classification and treatment
of psychological disorders

A

By analyzing the pasteurization of bacteria Pasteur was able to determine that germs and bacteria were responsible for a number of diseases

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40
Q

What was general paresis found to be a side effect of?

A

Prolonged exposure to Syphilis

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41
Q

what did they do with syphilis?

A

Patients were given the flu in order to raise the body temperature and kill the virus which led to a deeper understanding of disorders and how to treat them `

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42
Q

What is germ theory?

A
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43
Q

What is general paresis?

A
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44
Q

Where did asylums begin/

A

Monasteries in the Middle Ages because those with mental disorders were made to live as beggars and criminals

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45
Q

What was the cyclical nature of asylums?

A

improvement and deterioration

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46
Q

What happened to patients overtime as they became more crowded?

A

Patients were chained to walls and made to wallow in their own filth or put on display for money

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47
Q

what was the mental hygiene movement? `

A

sought to get equal psychological help for all and not just the rich

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48
Q

Who was the mental hygiene movement founded by?

A

Dorothea dix

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49
Q

What caused the mental hygiene movement from working on a larger scale?

A

Influx of immigrants

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50
Q

What is moral therapy?

A

Pushed for the humane treatment of inmates by unchaining them, encouraging social interaction, freedom, and small patient to staff ratio

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51
Q

Who created moral therapy?

A

Pinel and Jean Baptiste

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52
Q

How did the psychological model of human behavior develop?

A

Mesmer, Charcot, Breuer, Freud

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53
Q

How did psychological models of behavior develop?

A
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54
Q

What 4 themes led to the contemporary perspective of abnormal psych.?

A
  1. Biological discoveries-Hippocrates, Descartes, Griesenger, Morel
  2. Classification- Emil Kraeplin
  3. Exp. Psych. in research- Wilhelm Vont
  4. Emergence of psych. causation viewpoint
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55
Q

What are the current perspectives on the cause and treatment of psych. disorder?

A
  1. Behavioral (Psychological)
  2. Biological
  3. Sociocultural
  4. BioPsychoSocial
  5. Cognitive
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56
Q

What is the behavioral perspective?

A

Behaviors acquired through specific learning processes

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57
Q

Why does abnormal behavior occur?

A

Failure to learn adaptive behaviors, learning is ineffective or maladaptive in response

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58
Q

What were environmental stimuli recognized as having an effect on?

A

Patterns of response

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59
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

Illness due to :
genetic vulnerability
neurotransmitter or hormonal imbalance
brain dysfunction

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60
Q

What’s the socio-cultural perspective?

A

The belief that people and their behaviors are shaped by the culture around them`

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61
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Behaviors are a product of faulty mental processes

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62
Q

What is behavioral genetics?

A

the study of the degree to which genes and the environment influence behavior.

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63
Q

What are the major hypothesized causes of psychological illness according to the biological perspective?

A

1) Genetic Vulnerability
2) Neurotransmitter or hormonal imbalance
3) brain dysfunction

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64
Q

What is gene-environment reaction?

A

when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways

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65
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic constitution of an individual organism

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66
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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67
Q

What is the importance of shared vs. nonshared environments?

A

When two organisms w/ the same genetic makeup (e.g. twins) are able to be observed in both similar and dissimilar environments, we can directly observe behavioral patterns of development and determine which traits were genetically predisposed and which were created by the environment`

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68
Q

How do researchers estimate genetic contributions?

A

1) Pedigree studies
2) Linkage Studies
3) Twin studies & Adoption method

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69
Q

What are pedigree studies?

A

Used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait

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70
Q

What are linkage studies?

A

traces patterns of disease in high risk families

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71
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

one sperm one egg

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72
Q

What are dyzigotic twins?

A

Two sperm two eggs `

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73
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

dendrites, axon, cell body, or soma

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74
Q

What is the responsibility of norepinephrine?

A

Fight or flight response (anxiety)

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75
Q

What is the responsibility of serotonin?

A

Pleasure, helps to regulate mood, and is linked to depression

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76
Q

What is the responsibility of dopamine?

A

Controls reward motivated behavior as well as movements and sensation and is linked to things like Parkinson’s

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77
Q

What is the responsibility of GABA?

A

Decreases the chance of neural firing and is linked to schizo

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78
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Processing of information; regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes

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79
Q

What is the function of norepinephrine?

A

Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep

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80
Q

What is the function of dopamine/

A

Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement

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81
Q

What is the function of Gamma-aminobutyric acid?

A

Regulation of mood, especially anxiety, arousal, and behavior

82
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine?

A

Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory

83
Q

What is the function of Glutamate?

A

Influences learning and memory

84
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

neurotransmitters?

85
Q

What happens to an unused neurotransmitter/

A

Reabsorbed and recycled in a process called reuptake

86
Q

What is reuptake

A

A feedback mechanism that informs a neuron about the amount of neurotransmitter needed to be released in the future.
PREV

87
Q

What are the parts of the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, Adrenal

88
Q

What is the function of the HPA axis?

A

Complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands

89
Q

What is the HPA crucial for?

A

Stress management in the body

90
Q

What are the elements of Freuds psychoanalytic theories?

A

1.) Psychopathology results from unconscious conflict

2.) Behavior is determined by intrapsychic forces

3.) Behavior is affected by early childhood experiences and sexual urges

91
Q

What is the depth hypothesis?

A

The belief that the psyche and behavior consists of both conscious and unconscious processes that determine cause and creation of mental disorders

92
Q

What is the depth consciousness model?

A

1) Conscious
2) Preconscious- Ego and Superego
3) Unconscious- ID

93
Q

What is the id?

A

basic instinctual drives of the unconscious that are driven by pleasure. (max pleasure focus)

94
Q

What is the ego?

A

Mediates the demands of the superego and id

95
Q

What is the superego ?

A

contains internalized values and corresponding to something like a “conscious” (moral compass).

96
Q

What is the order of the psychosexual stages of development/

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitalwha

97
Q

What’s the oral stage?

A

birth to 1.5yrs) obsession with putting things in mouth (e.g. breast feeding, thumb sucking)

98
Q

What is the anal stage?

A

(1.5-3yrs) control complex (results from potty training. Too strict= OCD. Too loose= Laziness)

99
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

(3-5yrs) realization of genitals and gender differences. (this is when Oedipal and Elektra Complexes emerge)

100
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

(6yrs- early teens) nothing significant

101
Q

What is the genital stage/

A

Teens sex drive

102
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

1) ways of trying to reduce stress and anxiety
2) Involve denial and distortion of memory
3) Operate at an unconscious level
4) Operate mechanically and voluntarily

103
Q

What is repression?

A

Unconscious but intentional forgetting?

104
Q

What is reaction formation ?

A

People believe and act as though motivated to do the exact opposite of the unacceptable impulse

105
Q

What is projection?

A

Person disowns some impulses or attitudes and projects them onto another person ?

106
Q

What is displacement?

A

Disturbing emotion or conflict is transferred from its original source onto some less threatening object or situation

107
Q

What is transference?

A

Projections of thoughts/feelings from other relationships onto another person and that person becomes a stand in for the thing causing discomfort

108
Q

What’s dream analysis?

A

Focuses on finding emotional cues and symbols in peoples dreams (Freud and Jung)

109
Q

What is free association?

A

the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.

110
Q

What did Alfred Alder contribute to Neo-Freudianism?

A

Individual psychology

111
Q

What is individual psychology?

A

neurotic symptoms resulted as a response to conflict motivated by the need to dominate or triumph over others

112
Q

What did Carl G. Jung contribute to Neo-Freudianism?

A

Analytic psychology and proponent of dream analysis

113
Q

What is analytic psychology?

A

Emphasis on the unconscious as an energy source from which positive, creative acts arise

114
Q

What else did Jung believe?

A

humanity shares certain racial memories that are represented symbolically of past/present cultures

115
Q

What does abnormal behavior occur due to?

A

Failure to learn adaptive behaviors, learning ineffective, maladaptive responses

116
Q

What ist he behavioral perspective?

A

Behavior acquired from specific learning processes

117
Q

What does the behavioral perspective focus on?

A

Effect of environmental stimuli on patterns of response (Agent–Action–Environment–Observation–Rewards–Agent) `

118
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

119
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behavior is controlled by consequences ((negative reinforcement)

120
Q

What is the unconditioned response?

A

automatic response to a stimulus

121
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Behaviors learned from environment and those around us

122
Q

What is cognitive theory?

A

Abnormal behavior as a result of faulty mental processes?

123
Q

What are cognitive therapies?

A

1) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Albert Ellis)
2) Acceptance and cognitive Therapy (Hayes)

124
Q

What is the conditioned response?

A

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

125
Q

What is extinction?

A

gradual weakening of a conditioned response

126
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance of conditioned response after a period of time

127
Q

What is shaping?

A

process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur

128
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.

129
Q

What are token economies?

A

learner earns tokens by engaging in a targeted behavior

130
Q

What is modeling?

A

client learns by imitation alone, copying a human model without any specific verbal direction

131
Q

What are schemas?

A

cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

132
Q

What is information processing?

A

treats cognition as essentially computational in nature, with the mind being the software and the brain being the hardware.

133
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral therapy of Beck?.

A

focuses on the distortions and thought processes that can lead to negative behaviors

Depression inventory

134
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral theory of Ellis?

A

developed for confronting and changing irrational beliefs and behaviors

people disturb themselves by the rigid and extreme beliefs they hold about things

135
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

emphasizes looking at the the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.

136
Q

What are the basic tenants of the humanistic perspective?

A

human capacity for self-actualization, self-direction, and choice

137
Q

What did Maslow do?

A

hierarchy of needs, which said that basic physical needs must be met first before people can realize their full potential.

138
Q

What did Rogers do?

A

emphasizing a person-to-person relationship between the therapist and the client

139
Q

What are some sociocultural factors?

A

influence that social institutions and other people have on mental health

140
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Genetic Predisposition+ Environmental Stressor= Depressive reaction

141
Q

What is the importance of general classification systems?

A

1) Allow us to describe characteristics of individuals who suffer from a disorder

2) Helps clinicians predict behavior and outcomes

3) Helps clinicians decide on avenues of treatment (once diagnosis is linked to one)

4) Helps researchers communicate findings

142
Q

Cons of the general classification system?

A

1) Once an individual is categorized their uniqueness can be lose

2) Can attribute characteristics that an individual does not posses (can lead to self fulfilling prophecy)

3) Labeling can lead to stigmatization

143
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

symptoms for each category is clearly listed and descriptions are given, social and cultural considerations, assumptions about suspected causes of disorders are NOT used

144
Q

How is the DSM-5 arranged?

A

three sections, with 20 chapters that address specific disorders

145
Q

How is the DSM-5 used?

A

provides clear, highly detailed definitions of mental health and brain-related conditions

146
Q

What is reliability?

A

consistency; degree to which an instrument produces the same results each time it is used

147
Q

What is variability?

A

degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

148
Q

What are interviews?

A

a meeting between a pt and a psychologist

149
Q

What is the interactive stress model?

A

If you have a predisposition you can be exposed to disorder

150
Q

What is the additive stress model?

A

Enough stress can cause a disorder without predisposition

151
Q

What is a clinical interview?

A

Interview in which pt comes in to discuss:
1) Psychosocial history
2) Current and past behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and attitudes
3) Medical problems, medications, and/or psychiatric history
4) Description of presenting problem and accompanying symptoms
5) Determine onset of problem and other events that coincided

152
Q

What are the three types of interviews?

A

1) Structured
2) Unstructured
3) Semi-structured

153
Q

What are stuctured interviews?

A

asking specific questions in a specific order

154
Q

What are unstructured interviews?

A

Not a specific set of questions asked in a specific order

155
Q

What is the mental status exam?

A

1.) Appearance and behavior

2.) Thought processes (inferences based on how they are presenting)

3.) mood and effect

4.) intellectual functioning

5.) sensorium – do they know where they are

156
Q

What are personality inventories?

A

MMPI-2– several scales, individuals fill out a lot of questions to sub scales to locate any indication of problems

Has a scale to test validity

NED–measure of the big 5 emotions

157
Q

What are the problems with personality inventories?

A

self-report and dishonesy

158
Q

What is the purpose of projective tests?

A

ambiguous stimuli are presented and individual is asked to describe what they see

159
Q

What is the underlying philosophy behind projective tests?

A

that people “project” their own internal disposition into their responses, whether into what they “see” in an inkblot or what they tell in a story

160
Q

What is the Rorschach inkblot test?

161
Q

What is the TAT test?

162
Q

When would intelligence testing be used?

A

when attempting to determine the intellectual ability of a pt, or, for some other reason, an estimate of the pt’s intellectual ability is questioned(Binet & Wechsler)

163
Q

What is the function of the EEG?

A

Sleep, recording brain-wave patterns

164
Q

What is the CT scan’s function?

A

Image of your actual brain, structural brain problems, doesn’t measure what is actually going on

165
Q

What is the PET scans function?

A

Injection with radioactive isotope (dye), shows you the activity of your brain, shows structure and function

166
Q

What is the function of the MRI?

A

No radioactive element needed, shows damage not process or why

167
Q

What is the function of the fMRI?

A

No radioactive measures, measures glucose levels in the brain

168
Q

Why is the fMRI used?

A

Asks you questions to see how your brain will react

169
Q

What is involved in neuropsychological assessment?

A

Use of various testing devices to measure a person’s cognitive, perceptual, or motor performance for clues of brain damage (extent and location:

170
Q

what is the concept of reliability in a measuring instrument?

171
Q

What are the types of reliability and what do they mean?

172
Q

What is test-retest?

A

same test is given to the same people over the course of time to measure consitency

173
Q

What is interrater?

A

extent to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior

174
Q

What is internal consistency?

A

how well the items on a test measure the same construct or idea

175
Q

What is validity of a measuring instrument?

176
Q

What are the types of validity and what do they mean?

177
Q

What is content validity?

A

degree to which the measure reflects the entire domain of interest

178
Q

What is criterion validity?

A

degree to which a measure is related to some other measure (criteria)

179
Q

What is concurrent validity mean?

A

extent to which the result of a particular test or measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct

180
Q

what does predictive validity mean?

A

extent to which a score on a scale or tests predicts scores on some criterion measure

181
Q

What are theories? What does it mean?

A

a set of statements that summarizes and explains mental and behavioral patterns within the context of society and culture

182
Q

What are hypotheses? What does it mean?

A

precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study.

183
Q

What is the goal of description?

A

describe relationship between 2 variables

184
Q

What is the goal of prediction?

A

what will happen in certain situations or relationships

185
Q

What is the goal of explanation?

A

what principles explain behavior and how events are related

186
Q

What is the goal of control?

A

must be testable and observable in a laboratory setting

187
Q

What is a mental status exam?

A

observations made during and interview paired together w/ a person’s responses to certain types of questions

188
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior

189
Q

What is a case study?

A

an in depth analysis of a single individual or small number of individuals

190
Q

What are the limits of a case study?

A

1)Can’t generalize the results to the wider population.
2) Researchers’ own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias).
3) Difficult to replicate.
4) Time consuming.

191
Q

What is the purpose of epidemiological research?

A

To describe and predict disorders & how they can spread

192
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases

193
Q

Prevalence

A

number of people w/ disorder

194
Q

Risk Factor

A

condition or variable related to disorder

195
Q

What is correlational research?

A

research done to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables across a number of people

196
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

(r) used to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables (scored between -1 & 1)

197
Q

What is the causality problem?

A

correlation does not show causation
Types include: 3rd Variable & Directionality

198
Q

3rd Variable problem

A

3rd variable leads to mistaken causation

199
Q

Directionality Problem

A

2 variables have cause and effect are unknown

200
Q

What are the 3 requirements for an experiment?

A

1) Manipulation of IV
2) Accurate measurement of DV
3) Control over Extraneous variables`

201
Q

Random Assignment

A

participants are randomly assigned to different groups with an equal chance of being assigned to any group

202
Q

Control Group

A

a group in an experiment that do not receive treatment from researchers & is used as a benchmark to measure how other test subjects do

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