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Essential Cell Biology > Study Guide Exam 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria typically have a single chromosome- what shape is it?

A

Circular

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2
Q

What is the name give to the complex of DNA and proteins that form a chromosome?

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

Most cells contain 2 copies of each chromosome, one inherited from the mother and one from the father- what is the name given to the 2 copies of each chromosome?

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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4
Q

Because the Y and X chromosome are different, as a pair, they are called…

A

Non-Homologous or Sex Chromosomes

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5
Q

Define a Gene

A

Carrier of genetic information that codes for a protein of RNA molecule

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6
Q

Is all DNA genes?

A

No, only about 2% of the human DNA codes for proteins AKA genes

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7
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

Around 20,000

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 Chromosomes or 23 Pairs

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9
Q

What occurs during Interphase?

A

DNA replication occurs

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10
Q

Where does DNA duplication begin?

A

It begins at an AT rich origin of replication sequence

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11
Q

What are the ends of a chromosome called?

A

Telomeres

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12
Q

What occurs during mitosis?

A

The nucleus and the 23 pairs of replicated chromosomes are divided into daughter cells

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13
Q

When are chromosomes most easily visible?

A

During the mitotic phase

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14
Q

What specialized DNA sequence allows one copy of each chromosome to be placed into each daughter cell?

A

Centromere

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15
Q

What are the two classes of proteins that bind to DNA to form chromosomes?

A

Histones and Non-histone proteins

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16
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

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17
Q

What can you say about the genes contained on the regions of interphase chromosomes that are more extended than other regions?

A

Euchromatin is less condensed and contains more transcribed genes that heterochromatin

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18
Q

What happens to one of the two X chromosomes in females?

A

It becomes inactivated and forms a Barr Body

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19
Q

As a DNA double helix replicates to form two new double helices, each new double helix contains one parental strand and one new strand of DNA. DNA replication is therefore known to be _____ ______

A

Semi Conservative

20
Q

Origins of replication are rich in what two bases?

A

A and T

21
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that separates the two strands of DNA in the double helix?

A

DNA Helicase

22
Q

What do single strand binding proteins do?

A

Bind to the opened replication fork strands and prevent it from closing

23
Q

At origins of replication, two replication forks are formed; DNA replication is thus known to be _______

A

Bidirectional

24
Q

What is the name of the small molecule that complementarily binds to the DNA to be replicated?

What enzyme synthesizes this molecule?

A

RNA Primer

RNA Primase

25
Q

Why does DNA polymerase need this small RNA primer molecule before it can start synthesizing DNA?

A

DNA polymerase needs to start from a double strand. It needs the 3’ carbon to form the next phosphodiester bond

26
Q

The leading strand is synthesized _______

A

Continuously

27
Q

The lagging strand is synthesized _________

A

Discontinuously

28
Q

What are the name of the fragments of DNA that make up the new strand complementary to the lagging strand?

A

Okazaki Fragments

29
Q

Name 3 differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA uses deoxyribose, RNA uses ribose, DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single strand, DNA uses thymine, RNA uses Uracil

30
Q

Is all DNA genes?

A

No, only 2% of human DNA is genes

31
Q

If we want to make a single strand of mRNA from DNA where would we start? How do we know where to start transcription?

A

The promoter sequence aids in the finding of the AUG start site

32
Q

In DNA replication, the double helix was unwound by helicase. What does this job in RNA synthesis?

A

RNA polymerase opens the transcription bubble

33
Q

How do we know where transcription should stop?

A

A termination sequence will denote where it should stop

34
Q

What three things occur during mRNA processing

A

1- Splicing of Introns
2- 5’ Methylated guanine cap is added
3- Polyadenylation tail is added

35
Q

The following is a sequence of DNA. Transcribe this into RNA and then translate it into protein
5’ CCT CTT ACA CGC CGG GCA TTA 3’

A

RNA- GGA GAA UGU GCG GCC CGU AAU
Protein- GLY GLU CYS ALA ALA ARG AS

36
Q

What is a codon and where do you find it?

A

3 nucleotides- in mRNA from a gene coding sequence

37
Q

What is an anticodon and where do you find it?

A

The 3 nucleotide sequence complimentary to the codon found on the anticodon loop of tRNA

38
Q

If the codon Is GGC, what is the anticodon?

A

CCG

39
Q

Describe control of gene expression at each step below
DNA -> pre mRNA -> mRNA in nucleus -> mRNA in cytoplasm -> protein -> active protein

A

1) Controlling when and how often a gene is transcribed
2) Controlling how the transcript is spliced
3) Controlling if the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm or not
4) Controlling which mRNAs are translated
5) Activating or inhibiting the protein function

40
Q

Is the Lac operon found in prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

41
Q

Gene Lac 1 codes for what protein?

A

Repressor Protein

42
Q

Is the repressor protein always present?

A

Yes

43
Q

What does the repressor protein do in the absence of lactose?

A

Binds to the operator sequence and block RNA polymerase access to the promoter

44
Q

What does the repressor protein do in the presence of lactose?

A

Lactose is converted to allolactose and binds to the repressor protein

45
Q
A

Essential Cell Biology (19 decks)

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