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Essential Cell Biology > Chapter 18 -> The Cell Division Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 18 -> The Cell Division Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

All living organisms are products of repeated rounds of cell ______ and _______

A

Growth, Division

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2
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

Cycle of duplication and division

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3
Q

Universal truths of the cell cycle

  • Cells must copy and pass on their _________ to the next generation of cells
  • DNA in chromosomes must be ________
  • Replicated chromosomes must be ________ into the two daughter cells
A

Genes
Duplicated
Seperated

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4
Q

What are the three overview steps of the cell cycle?

A

1) Cell Growth and Duplication
2) Chromosomes Segregation
3) Cell Division

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5
Q

Why is a fly’s cell cycle faster than a bacterial cell cycle?

A

The number of Origins of Replications is greater in the fly than the bacteria

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6
Q

The eukaryotic Cell Cycle is divided into what 4 phases?

A

M Phase
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase

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7
Q

What occurs during the M Phase of the cell cycle?

A

Nucleus divides, Cytoplasm divides, and Cell Splits into 2 (cytokinesis)

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8
Q

Interphase constitutes what phases of the cell?
What occurs during Interphase?

A

G1, G2, and S Phases
Cell increases in size

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9
Q

What occurs during the S phase of Interphase?

A

DNA is replicated
S phase is in between the G1 and G2 resting phases

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10
Q

What occurs during G1 Phase of Interphase?

A

Completion of M phase to beginning of S phase
Sort of a gap/growth period in the cell cycle

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11
Q

What occurs during G1 Phase of Interphase?

A

Completion of M phase to beginning of S phase
Sort of a gap/growth period in the cell cycle

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12
Q

What is the main purpose of G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle?

A

Allows for time for cell to grow and duplicate organelles

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13
Q

A central control system triggers the major processes of the cell cycle
When this mechanism breaks, what occurs?

A

Cancer

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14
Q

The central control system in the cell cycle is regulated at certain points by _________ from the processes

A

Feedback

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15
Q

Two important checkpoints in G1 and G2

G1 checkpoint allows cell to confirm that…
G2 checkpoint ensures that cells don’t enter mitosis until damaged ______ is repaired and DNA replication is complete

A

environment is favorable for proliferation and DNA is intact before going to S Phase

DNA

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16
Q

What are the two types of machinery that are involved in cell division?

How does the cell cycle control system control all of this?

A

Manufacturing new components of growing cell
Hauling components into correct places

Switches the machinery on and off at correct times throughout cycle

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17
Q

The cell cycle control system depends on ___________

The system can cyclically activate then deactivate key proteins that initiate or regulate __________ (3 things)

A

Cyclically activated protein kinases

DNA replication, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

18
Q

____________ and ____________ are common ways for cells to switch the activity of proteins on or off

A

Phosphorylation, Dephosphorylation

19
Q

What do protein kinases do?

A

Transfer P group from ATP to a protein changing the conformation of the protein

20
Q

What do protein phospatases do?

A

Remove P group

21
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases rely on a set of proteins called _________ to switch them on and off at the appropriate time

Cyclins have to bind to the cell cycle kinases before the kinases can become ________

A

Cyclins

Activated

22
Q

Cyclin dependent protein kinases are regulated by the accumulation and destruction of ________

A

Cyclins

23
Q

Cyclin Example: M-cyclin (M-CDK Complex)

synthesis of M-cyclin starts after cell division, continues through interphase and continues to rise in concentration
This times the onset of ________, cells entering M-phase
After, M-cyclin is rapidly eliminated and cells then exits the _ phase

A

Mitosis
M

24
Q

M-CDK Complex Summary

Flooding of M-cyclin causes _________ to becomes active and ready to phosphorylate key proteins that push the cell into M-phase

For M-CDK to be active and at its max, it has to be ___________ at certain sites and _____________ at other sites

A

Kinases

Phosphorylated, Dephosphorylated

25
Q

At the end of M-phase, a fall in ____-______ concentration occurs, causing _________ to tag protein then demolish it

to control tagging of m-cyclin, a protein complex called the ______ ________ _______ adds Ubiquitin tags to the cyclin
This complex is only switched on late in M-phase

A

m-cyclin, Ubiquitins

Anaphase Promoting Complex

26
Q

Universal cyclin property

the concentration of each type of cyclin rises ________ then falls ________ as a result of Ubi degradation

A

slowly, rapidly

27
Q

Summary of M-Cyclin Control Mechanism

1) M-cyclin concentration _______ throughout interphase interacting with kinases, forming ____-______ complexes, but they are not yet active
2) When appropriate concentration is reached, ______________ step activates CDK-Cyclin complex and pushed cell into mitosis
3) Late in the M-phase, _________ causes M-cycliin to be tagged for degradation by ________
4) M-cyclin degraded complex is now inactive and cell can move on from mitosis

A

1) Increases, CDK-Cyclin

2) dephosphorylation

3) APC, Ubiquitin Tags

28
Q

DNA damage causes an increase in concentration and activity of _______
P53 then activates the production of ________
P21 binds to G1/S-CDK and S-CDK preventing cell from going into ____ phase

A

P53
P21
S

29
Q

What happens if p53 is missing or defective

A

Replication of damaged DNA occurs, leading to production of cancerous cells

30
Q

Mutations in p53 gene are found in about ______ of all human cancers

A

Half

31
Q

Apoptosis

The number of cells in an organism are controlled by rates of cell division and rates of cell death

A
32
Q

Steps of Apoptosis

1) The cells shrinks and condenses
2) ________ collapses
3) Nuclear envelope dissasmebles
4) Nuclear DNA breaks into _________
5) Cell surface is altered -> attracts ________ cells
6) Cell engulfs and splits contents

A

Cytoskeleton, Phagocytic

33
Q

What is cell necrosis?

A

The spilling of cell contents onto neighboring cells

34
Q

What proteases enzyme carries out apoptosis by cutting up other proteins?
Activated caspases cleave and activate other members of the family resulting in a cascade
Once a cell reaches a critical point along the path to destruction it cannot turn back

A

Caspases

35
Q

Apoptosis Summary
1) occurs in developing or adult ________ where cells receive a signal to die
2) Process is controlled by the enzyme ______
3) Procaspases (the inactive form of a caspase) are activated by cleavage leading to the formation of ____________
4) This causes a caspase _________ cascade
5) Results in cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane, and DNA damage followed by _______

A

1) tissues
2) caspase

3) apoptosome
4) protein
5) phagocytosis

36
Q

What does the myostatin gene do?

A

Causes everything to look buff as hell

37
Q

Cyclin dependent protein kinases are regulated by the accumulation and destruction of ________
The cyclin that helps drive cells into m phase is called _______
The active complex that it forms with its CDK is called ______

A

Cyclins
M-Cyclin
M-CDK

38
Q

M-CDK Complex Summary

Synthesis of M-cyclin starts after _______ and continues throughout interphase
M-cyclin accumulate, causing the onset of _______
It is then rapidly eliminated and cell exits M-Phase

A

Cell Division
Mitosis

39
Q

The activity of CDKs is regulated by ___________ and ___________

Example: for M-CDK to be maximally active, it has to be phosphorylated at certain sites and dephosphorylated at other sites

*The removal of ____ group by a phosphatase is the final step that activates MCDK at the end of interphase

A

Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

P

40
Q

Summary of M-Cyclin Control Mechanism

1) M-cyclin concentration increases throughout _______ all the time complexing with kinase to form _______________ complex, but is not active
2) When the appropriate concentration is reached, dephosphorylation by ______ activates CDK-Cyclin complex, pushing cell into mitosis
3) Late in M-Phase, _____ causes M-Cyclin to be tagged for degradation by ______
4) At end of mitosis, M-cyclin degraded CDK-Cyclin complex is therefore ________
5) Cell pushed from mitosis and the process begins again

A

1) Interphase, CDK-Cyclin
2) Wee1
3) APC, UBI
4) Inactive

Essential Cell Biology (19 decks)

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