Chapter 3 -> Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis Flashcards
Definition of an Enzyme
Why do we need enzymes?
Specialized proteins that catalyzes (speeds up) a reaction
Chemical reactions in the body would typically take place at temps that are to high for us so we need enzymes to boost the reactivity
Definition of Metabolism
What two reactions constitute the metabolism of a cell?
All chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism Definition
Breakdown of food into small molecules to generate energy and be used as building blocks
Anabolic Pathway Definition
Use energy from catabolism to synthesize molecules
What does the second Law of Thermodynamics State?
The degree of disorder in the universe or in a singular thing can only increase
Entropy Definition
Measure of a system’s disorder
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed- just converted from one form to another
How do photosynthetic organisms synthesize (MAKE) organic molecules?
Through the use of sunlight -> Capturing of kinetic energy & forming into potential energy
What is at the bottom of the food chain?
Plants and photosynthetic bacteria
How do plants and photosynthetic bacteria obtain the atoms they need
They get them from inorganic substances -> Carbon from CO2, Hydrogen and Oxygen from water, Nitrogen from ammonia and nitrates in the soil
The energy derived from the sun is used to form chemical bonds between atoms linking them into what?
Sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids
What are the two stages of Photosynthesis ?
Light Dependent Stage -> energy is captured and stored as chemical bond energy Requires water and O2 is released as a by product
Light Independent Stage (Dark Reactions) -> Sugars are made from Carbon dioxide and water
Organisms extract energy from food molecules by a process of _________
Oxidation
What is cellular respiration
Complex process in which food molecules are broken down to produce energy
Cell is able to get energy from sugars by allowing carbon and hydrogen atoms to combine with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O
Energetically Favorable Reactions…
Occur on their own
Energetically Unfavorable Reactions…
Require energy
Ex. cell growing and dividing
Chemical reactions proceed in a direction that leads to a _____ of energy
Loss
What is the term for a substance that can lower the activation energy of a reaction
How does it do this in the first place?
Catalyst
Enzyme binds tightly to one or two molecules called substrates and reduces the activation energy
What part of an enzyme does a substrate bind to?
The active site
How does heat speed up a reaction?
Heat moves molecules and allows them to bump into each other correctly quicker
How is energy stored temporarily after food has been broken down?
What are some examples of important activated carrier molecules?
It is stored as chemical bond energy in a set of activated carrier molecules (contain one or more energy rich covalent bonds)
ATP, NADH, and NADPH, and FADH
How is ATP formed from ADP?
Through the adding of a phosphate group (energetically unfavorable) AKA Phosphorylation
What occurs during dehydration synthesis that is coupled to ATP hydrolysis
Energy stored in ATP is used to convert A-OH to a higher energy intermediate when then react directly with B-H to give A-B
What are two activated carriers of electrons that participate in oxidation-reduction reactions and start with “N”
What do each of them stand for?
What are their functions?
NADH and NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
They both carry energy in the form of two high-energy electrons plus a proton
What happens to NADH and NADPH when they pass their hybrid ion (H-)?
They become NAD+ and NADP+
What does NADPH deal with?
Enzymes that catalyze anabolic (Biosynthetic) reactions by supplying the high-energy electrons needed to synthesize that shit
What does NADH deal with?
Deals with reactions that generate ATP through the oxidation of food molecules (Catabolic shit)
What does Coenzyme A carry in a readily transferable linkage?
What is the name after it has be carried?
An acetyl group
Then known as Acetyl CoA
What is Acetly CoA used for?
It is used to add two carbon units in biosynthesis of larger molecules
What is a metabolic pathway?
Where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction
What do enzymes do in terms of barriers that block chemical reactions
They lower the barriers
What is the definition of activation energy?
A boost of energy over an energy barrier
Enzymes often speed up reactions _________ of times faster than the same reactions that would proceed without a catalyst
Trillions
Enzymes are highly ______ - each usually catalyzes only one particular reaction
Selective
Are enzymes changed after a reaction
NO
ATP is Adenosine _‘-triphosphate
5
Is the reaction of adding a phosphate onto ADP to form ATP energetically favorable or unfavorable?
Energetically UNFAVORABLE
What is ATP Hydrolysis?
Is this energetically favorable or unfavorable?
ATP giving up energy by forming ADP and a Phosphate group
Favorable because it is giving/breaking down NOT building
What is phosphorylation?
Why is Phosphorylation important?
The transfer of a phosphate group
Important in cell functions like exchange of chemical energy, controls cell signaling processes etc.
What is the most abundant energy carrier in the cell?
What does it do?
ATP!
Supplies energy to pumps to transport substances in and out of cell, Powers molecular motors, Powers nerve cells
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
What does coupling it to ATP Hydrolysis do?
WTF is this reaction good for?
The use of ATP to join two molecules together while pulling out a water in the process
Energy from ATP Hydrolysis is used to convert first group with an -OH on it to a high intermediate which then reacts directly with the second group
Reaction can be used to synthesize amino acids
