Chapter 3 -> Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis Flashcards
Definition of an Enzyme
Why do we need enzymes?
Specialized proteins that catalyzes (speeds up) a reaction
Chemical reactions in the body would typically take place at temps that are to high for us so we need enzymes to boost the reactivity
Definition of Metabolism
What two reactions constitute the metabolism of a cell?
All chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism Definition
Breakdown of food into small molecules to generate energy and be used as building blocks
Anabolic Pathway Definition
Use energy from catabolism to synthesize molecules
What does the second Law of Thermodynamics State?
The degree of disorder in the universe or in a singular thing can only increase
Entropy Definition
Measure of a system’s disorder
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed- just converted from one form to another
How do photosynthetic organisms synthesize (MAKE) organic molecules?
Through the use of sunlight -> Capturing of kinetic energy & forming into potential energy
What is at the bottom of the food chain?
Plants and photosynthetic bacteria
How do plants and photosynthetic bacteria obtain the atoms they need
They get them from inorganic substances -> Carbon from CO2, Hydrogen and Oxygen from water, Nitrogen from ammonia and nitrates in the soil
The energy derived from the sun is used to form chemical bonds between atoms linking them into what?
Sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids
What are the two stages of Photosynthesis ?
Light Dependent Stage -> energy is captured and stored as chemical bond energy Requires water and O2 is released as a by product
Light Independent Stage (Dark Reactions) -> Sugars are made from Carbon dioxide and water
Organisms extract energy from food molecules by a process of _________
Oxidation
What is cellular respiration
Complex process in which food molecules are broken down to produce energy
Cell is able to get energy from sugars by allowing carbon and hydrogen atoms to combine with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O
Energetically Favorable Reactions…
Occur on their own
Energetically Unfavorable Reactions…
Require energy
Ex. cell growing and dividing
Chemical reactions proceed in a direction that leads to a _____ of energy
Loss
What is the term for a substance that can lower the activation energy of a reaction
How does it do this in the first place?
Catalyst
Enzyme binds tightly to one or two molecules called substrates and reduces the activation energy
What part of an enzyme does a substrate bind to?
The active site
How does heat speed up a reaction?
Heat moves molecules and allows them to bump into each other correctly quicker
How is energy stored temporarily after food has been broken down?
What are some examples of important activated carrier molecules?
It is stored as chemical bond energy in a set of activated carrier molecules (contain one or more energy rich covalent bonds)
ATP, NADH, and NADPH, and FADH
How is ATP formed from ADP?
Through the adding of a phosphate group (energetically unfavorable) AKA Phosphorylation
What occurs during dehydration synthesis that is coupled to ATP hydrolysis
Energy stored in ATP is used to convert A-OH to a higher energy intermediate when then react directly with B-H to give A-B
What are two activated carriers of electrons that participate in oxidation-reduction reactions and start with “N”
What do each of them stand for?
What are their functions?
NADH and NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
They both carry energy in the form of two high-energy electrons plus a proton
