Chapter 13 and 14 -> How Cells Obtain Energy from Food Flashcards
What is stage 1 of the food digestion to energy process
What is stage 2
What is stage 3
Breakdown of large food molecule into simple subunits
Breakdown of simple subunits to Acetyl CoA
Oxidation of Acetyl group in Acetyl CoA into h2o and co2 (large amounts of ATP are produced here
In what stage of the food digestion to energy process does glycolysis take place?
Stage 2
What is Glycolysis?
Does this require oxygen?
A ___ carbon glucose molecule is cleaved into two __ carbon molecules of ___________
____ molecules of ATP are used to drive early step and _____ are produced, yielding a net gain of _______
Glycolysis occurs in _____ separate reactions- each producing a different sugar intermediate that is catalyzed by a different enzyme
Electrons are removed by ______ to produce _______
______ molecules of NADH are produced per molecule of glucose
Degradation of glucose in sequence of reactions
NO
6, 3, pyruvate
2, 4, 2
10
NAD+, NADH
2
Summary of Glycolysis
Glucose is ____________ by two molecules of ATP
The phosphorylated molecule is broken down in a series of reactions to form two ____ carbon molecules
Two molecules of _________ capture electrons to form two molecules of _________
____ molecules of ATP are produced but ______ are used during the process, yielding a net gain of ______
THIS SHIT TAKES PLACE IN THE…….
Phosphorylated
3
NAD+, NADH
4, 2, 2
CYTOSOL
Intermediate Step from Glycolysis to Krebs cycle
The two molecules of ________ pass from the cytosol to the ____________
Each pyruvate molecule is converted into _____ plus a two carbon ________ _____
The Acetyl Group gets attached to _______ _ forming ________
Pyruvate, Mitochondria
CO2, Acetyl Group
coenzyme A, Acetyl CoA (an activated carrier molecule)
In what stage does Pyruvate get converted into Acetyl CoA?
Stage 2
Where does stage 3 take place?
MITOCHONDRIA
Stage 3 -> Citric Acid Cycle/ Oxidative Phosphorylation
1) The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is transferred to the 4 carbon molecule ______________ forming the 6 carbon tricarboxylic acid (AKA _______)
The molecule __________ that is required to begin the process is regenerated
2) Each acetyl group is converted into 2 molecules of _______
3) High energy electrons are captured by ________, forming ________, and __________, forming ________
Energy is also captured by ______ forming _______ (acts like ATP)
Electron Transport
Electron carriers ___________ and ________ transfer electrons to the electron transport chain which is found in the _______ ______ of the mitochondria
As electrons pass along the chain of electron donor and acceptor molecules, they fall into successively _____ energy States
The energy they release in the process of falling is used to drive ______ ions across the membrane, from inner to outer
A gradient of H+ ions is then created and serves as a source of energy that is tapped to drive various energy requiring reactions such as generation of _______ from ADP
At the end of the transfers, the electrons are passed to molecules of _______that have diffused into the mitochondria
These reduced oxygen molecules combine with _____ ions to produce ______
Complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose to H2O and CO2 produces around _____ molecules of ATP
What is the final pump at the end called?
oxaloacetate, citric acid
oxaloacetate
CO2
NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2
GDP, GTP
NADH, FADH2, Inner Membrane
Lower
H+
ATP
O2
H+, Water
30
ATP Synthase
Why is O2 necessary in the citric acid cycle when is doesn’t directly use O2 but it is required to proceed?
NADH must have a way to get rid of its electrons and regenerate NAD+ to keep cycle going
What is Fermentation?
When does Fermentation occur?
Process that occurs in place of Stage 3 to regenerate NAD+ to continue glycolysis
When there is not enough O2 to run Stage 3
What are the two stages of Photosynthesis?
Where do the Stage 1 Light Reactions take place?
Light reactions and Light-independent reactions
Photosynthetic light reactions take place in the Thylakoid membrane of the thylakoid discs
In stage 1, AKA the light reactions, of photosynthesis, does Photosystem 1 or 2 go first
What pump is used in the final step of stage 1?
2
ATP Synthase
In stage 2, AKA Dark Reactions, of photosynthesis what enzyme is used to fix carbons in place
What is another name for the dark reactions?
Rubisco
the Calvin cycle
