Studies- Exam 1

Question 1

“Red dot” test

Answer 1

Sense of self (Children develop ability around 2 yo)

Apes raised with others pass the test, but those raise in isolation do not

Question 2

“Yellow snow” test

Answer 2

Sense of self (Children develop ability around 2 yo)

Dogs pass

Question 3

Redemptive narratives (Dunlop & Tracy, 2013)

Answer 3

Self-narratives
Important process and part of being human
-Helps to stay sober

Question 4

Power saw study (Nibett & Wilson, 1977)

Answer 4

Introspection
Watch movie, half participants had power saw interruption
DV- how much like movie and why

Both groups liked movie EQUALLY!
Interrupted group thought they would have liked it more

Question 5

Mood diary study (Wilson, Laser & Stone, 1982)

Answer 5

Introspection
Wrote daily moods and factors the could have effected them (sleep, weather, etc.)

Indicated how much these factors affected them (they were WRONG)

Question 6

Pen study

Answer 6

Cultural influences

• those of western culture more likely to take unique pen
• eastern culture more likely to take pen from large pile

Question 7

Health message framing effects

Answer 7

Framing effects

• > breast cancer study: “benefits of mammography” vs “risk of neglecting mammography” -> detection behavior: negative framing effect
• > flu prevention: positive is better

Question 8

Hartorf & Cantril (1954) Princeton-Dartmouth game

Answer 8

Assimilation

Each team said that other was cheating and failed to see faults of own team

Question 9

Rosenhan and colleagues (1973) sane in insane places

Answer 9

Assimilation

Workers saw normal habits of normal people as psychotic because in institution

Question 10

Darley & Gross (1983) Expectations of affluence

Answer 10

Confirmation bias
Descriptions of girl differed, same video of her intelligence test; those with poorer description rated as more hesitant, etc.

Question 11

Ross & Lepper (1979) Capital punishment study

Answer 11

Confirmation bias

Exact same evidence, but supported preconception

Question 12

Rosenthal’s teacher study

Answer 12

Self-fulfilling prophecy

“Smart” students treated better, given more time/attention, etc. -> smarter

Question 13

Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977) Self-fulfilling prophecy of attractiveness

Answer 13

Self-fulfilling prophecy

• men interact with women over intercom (no sight, but have folder with supposed pic and description- only pic varied)
• > participants rated the more attractive pictured women as warmer and friendlier (halo effect)
• > third party voted their voices and they actually were warmer and friendlier, cause all by how the man interacted with her

Question 14

Andersen et al. (1980) Firefighter study

Answer 14

Belief perseverance

• half told being a risk takes makes for better firefighter, other half told opposite
• > debriefed, then asked their own belief, and agreed with what they were told, even after informed that it was completely false

Question 15

Exam study (Shepperd, Ouellette, Fernandez, 1996)

Answer 15

Bracing for the worst

• overly optimistic 1 month before
• just above actual results 5 days and 50 min before
• 3 sec before feedback, very pessimistic

Question 16

Peterson & Seligman

Answer 16

Explanatory styles

A person’s habitual way of explaining events

Question 17

Marital chores study

Answer 17

Self-serving attributional bias

-when add up the percent of chores each says they do, comes to over 100%

Question 18

Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz (1997) Quiz show study

Answer 18

Fundamental attribution error

• participants and those watching were asked how smart host was compared to other participants
• > failed to account for the fact that the answers were in his hands

Question 19

Jones & Harris (1967) Pro-Castro or Anti-Castro essays

Answer 19

Fundamental attribution error
-regardless of assigned or chose freely, participants who read them thought that authors truly believed the side they were arguing for

Question 20

Lapiere (1934)

Answer 20

First study to demonstrate inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors

• LaPiere and friends were turned away once out of 250 establishments
• When asked 6 monte later, 92% of same establishments said they would not serve someone who was Chinese

Question 21

Wicker (1969)

Answer 21

Reviewed literature and concluded no attitude-behavior consistency

Question 22

Peg turn study (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959)

Answer 22

Insufficient justification

1. Turn a peg a quarter for an hour
2. Asks participant to tell next in like how exciting it was
   - > half paid $1 (enjoyed more) other half paid $20 (enjoyed less)

Question 23

Brehm (1956)

Answer 23

Post-decision dissonance
First published dissonance experiment
Studied post-decisional change in the ranking of products
Found spreading of alternative: the things they chose was later ranked significantly higher than the thing they did not choose

Question 24

Fazio, Effrein, & Falender (1981)- introverted/ extroverted study on self-perception

Answer 24

Self-perception theory

• leading questions to make them seem intro/extroverted
• > may move them a bit up or down from original on the scale, depending on the questions they were given

Question 25

Greene, Sternberg, & Lepper (1976) Examined kids’ interest in a task and how they were rewarded

Answer 25

Overjustification effects

• class of kids, educational games
• > 1/2 rewarded -> play more, when taken away show no interest