Exam 2- Studies Flashcards
Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory
Positive emotions set you up to thrive
- open you up to opportunities (build resources, etc.)
- broaden thinking (creative)
Suspension bridge study (Dutton & Aron)
Schachter & Singer
Two-factor theory
Higher bridge, more likely to call
-> mistaken for love/attraction
Universality of emotions- Ekman
80-90% agreement on facial expressions, even in a remote tribal group
Universality of emotions- Tracy’s pride studies
posture of pride recognized across cultures, expressed by the blind, similar to animals
How satisfied are you with your life?
Feelings-as-info
- sunny days; more
- gloomy days; less
-> when asked about weather, no correlation
Haidt- Sibling scenario
Moral judgement
“gut feelings” as guide for moral judgements
Sibling scenario
-> disgust, know it is wrong, but cannot justify
Tenure study, break up study
Affective forecasting
Tenure- not given; bounce back within few months to year
Break up
- single; feel like it would be amazing-> not really
- relationship; feel would be devastated-> not really
Lyubomirsky, 2006
Happiness
Count your blessings, literally
Quote source study
Speaker effects: credibility
To what extent do you agree (told quote either by Thomas Jefferson or Lennon) agreed/ disagreed based upon speaker
Speaking speed
Speaker effects: credibility
Faster, more expert and smart as long as can still understand
Prison study
Message effects: message quality
Essays for more lenient or harsher sentences, told written either by convicted felon to prosecuting attorney- stronger by convicted was more persuasive/convincing (and opposite was true)
Janis et al. (1965)- Pepsi and peanuts study
Audience effects: mood
- > reviewed essays and their attitudes
- > those who had snacks rater better
Sherif (1936) auto kinetic effect
Conformity: informational influence
- > unmoving dot of light in dark space appears to have motion
- > in a group, participant’s estimates have converged
Asche (1955) line judging studies
Conformity: normative influence
- > conform to confederates and give the wrong answer!
- > 37% on average gave the wrong and conforming answer
Conformity: unanimity
-> If even one person dissented, conformity dropped to 5%
Milgram’s “looking up at nothing” study
Conformity: group size
1 person; 40% looked up/conformed
2 people; 60%
3 people; 65%
4 people 80%
Jaywalking study
Conformity: group member status
Decreased from 25% to 17% when well-dressed non jaywalker was present
Drive safely sticker -> sign
Compliance: foot-in-the-door
-more than twice as likely big sign when did small before
Blood donor study
Compliance: door-in-the-face
- -“long term? tomorrow?” 50% agree
- “tomorrow?” 32% agree
Charitable donation
Compliance: reciprocity
- request with gift 35% donate
- without gift 18% donate
Milgram (1974)
Participants: 40 men as “teachers”
Cover story: effects of punishment on learning
Machine: 15 to 450 volts
Psychiatrists guessed: 1 in 1000 would go to 450 volts
Finding: 63% went to 450 volts
Milgram (1974)
What characteristics of the requester led to obedience?
Strength
- status or prestige of the person giving commands
- > experimenter replaced by clerk, 20 % obey
Immediacy
- more influential when close
- > experimenter called by phone, only 21% obey
Number
-more influential when more people giving commands
Milgram (1974)
What characteristics of the situation led to obedience?
Emotional distance of the victim
- shock by remote and can’t hear the learner, 100% obey
- -> learned hold hand to shock plate, only 30% obey
Institutional authority
-office in Bridgeport, CT instead of Yale, only 48% obey
Presence of resisters
-two defiant teachers added, 90% of participants left
Triplett (1898)- String in fishing reel study
Concluded: mere presence of others can ENHANCE performance
- also occurred when others NOT COMPETING
- universal (animals)
Social facilitation
-enhanced performance in the presence of others
Dashiell (1930)
Mere presence of others DISRUPTS or HINDERS performance (completing maze, complex math, etc.)
Social inhibition
-hindered performance in presence of others
