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Psyc 140- Social > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sense of self

A 
"Red dot" test
-Apes raised with others pass the test, but those raise in isolation do not
"Yellow snow" test
-Dogs pass
Children develop ability around 2 yo
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2
Q

Self-concept

A

Person’s beliefs about self, including their attributes (features) and who and what the self is
Three components: individual, relational, and collective self

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3
Q

Individual self

A

What makes you unique?

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4
Q

Relational self

A

What relationships are you in?

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5
Q

Collective self

A

What groups are you a member of?

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6
Q

Working self-concept

A

Aspects of your self-concept that are salient at a given time
Distinctiveness hypothesis

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7
Q

Distinctiveness hypothesis

A

We’re more likely to mention aspects of our self-concept that make us different from those around us (at given time)

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8
Q

Origins of self-knowldge

A

Direct feedback- info received from others about our traits and abilities (note: we usually receive positive feedback)

Reflected self-appraisals- our perception of how others perceive and evaluate us (highly subjective, subject to error; particularly imp in adolescence)

Social comparison- act of comparing our traits and abilities with the traits and abilities of others
Types: upward (self to better), downward (self to worse off), temporal (self over time)

Self-perception- making inferences about traits by observing one’s own behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

Self-narratives- we continually “write” our own story or narrative

  • helps us to INTEGRATE across situations
  • make sense of CONFLICT or TRAUMA
  • explain CHANGE over time
  • serves as a REFERENCE for self-knowledge
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9
Q

Festinger (1954) Theory of social comparison

A

People want to know where they stand in their abilities, traits, and attitudes
People prefer objective standards of comparison (when not available, use social standard)
People compare themselves to similar others (but not always)

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10
Q

Upward social comparison

A

Comparing with someone better than you
Most useful and appealing when trying to get BETTER (feel you could be them someday, otherwise discouraging)
Motivating IF you assimilate

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11
Q

Downward social comparison

A

Comparing to someone worse off than you

Boost own self-esteem IF contrast

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12
Q

Temporal comparison

A

Comparing us to ourselves at different times

Want to improve over time

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13
Q

Redemptive narratives (Dunlop & Tracy, 2013)

A

Important process and part of being human

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14
Q

Direct feedback

A

Info received from others about our traits and abilities (note: we usually receive positive feedback)

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15
Q

Reflected self-appraisals

A

Our perception of how others perceive and evaluate us (highly subjective, subject to error; particularly imp in adolescence)

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16
Q

Social comparison

A

Act of comparing our traits and abilities with the traits and abilities of others
Types: upward (self to better), downward (self to worse off), temporal (self over time)

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17
Q

Self-perception

A

Making inferences about traits by observing one’s own behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

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18
Q

Self-narratives

A

We continually “write” our own story or narrative

  • helps us to INTEGRATE across situations
  • make sense of CONFLICT or TRAUMA
  • explain CHANGE over time
  • serves as a REFERENCE for self-knowledge
19
Q

Introspection

A

Not very reliable source of self-knowledge

20
Q

Power saw study (Nibett & Wilson, 1977)

A

Introspection
Watch movie, half participants had power saw interruption
DV- how much like movie and why

Both groups liked movie EQUALLY!
Interrupted group thought they would have liked it more

21
Q

Mood diary study (Wilson, Laser & Stone, 1982)

A

Introspection
Wrote daily moods and factors the could have effected them (sleep, weather, etc.)

Indicated how much these factors affected them (they were WRONG)

22
Q

Schema

A

Collection of related beliefs or ideas that people use to organize their knowledge about the world

Types

  • Scripts: schemes for events
  • Stereotypes: schemes for particular group of people

Resistant to change

23
Q

Self-schemas

A

Cognitive structures that represent a person’s beliefs and feeling about the self in particular domains

Helps the retrieval of self-schema related behaviors

24
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Information is better recalled when it is related to the self

25
Cultural influences
Independent self- a view of the self as autonomous and in competition with others (think western culture) Interdependent self- a view of the self as part of a larger social network, emphasizing social harmony (think eastern culture) - > Pen study - those of western culture more likely to take unique pen - eastern culture more likely to take pen from large pile
26
Self-esteem
The global of overall evaluation that one has of oneself (positive or negative)
27
Traits vs state self-esteem
Trait: Most people have high self-esteem -baseline: usually rerun to -especially true in western culture State: Fluctuations in self-esteem over time and in different domains -moves around a lot
28
Sociometer theory (Leary)
Self-esteem is a metric for how we are doing socially - based in evolutionary theories - self-esteem is particularly sensitive to rejection
29
High self-esteem
Benefits - more satisfied with life - less depressed - more engaged with difficult tasks - less prone to antisocial and criminal behavior - better life outcomes in general Problems - narcissism - agression in response to negative feedback - particularly problematic in unstable or inflated "Everyone is special" movement -> inflation
30
Self-regulation
Processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior to pursue goals - requires delay of gratification and resistance to temptation - ego depletion
31
Ego-depletion
Like a muscle, self-control resources can be exhausted through use
32
Increase self-control resources
Give people incentives for later self-control Improve people's mood Give people sugar (glucose)?
33
Self-motivations
Feel good- need for a positive self-view and to protect against negative feedback (self-enchancement) Be consistent- need to maintain a stable self-concept (self-verification) Be correct- desire for accurate self-knowledge (self-appraisal)
34
Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model
We make ourselves feel good through reflection (being connected to someone who does X well/ basking in reflected glory) and comparison (connected to someone who does Y better than you) Key factors: - importance (Y is not important) - performance (be better than friend at Y) - closeness (walk away from friend)
35
Self Biases
Better-than-average effect: The tendency to perceive ourselves as better than the average person -strongest for dimensions that are subjective and desirable -exception: worse-than-average effect for difficult tasks False-consensus effect: Self-enchancement Tendency to overestimate the incidence or commonality of one's undesirable traits or unsuccessful behaviors False-uniqueness effect: Tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's desirable traits or successful behaviors
36
Better-than-average effect
The tendency to perceive ourselves as better than the average person - strongest for dimensions that are subjective and desirable - exception: worse-than-average effect for difficult tasks
37
False-consensus effect
Self-enchancement | Tendency to overestimate the incidence or commonality of one's undesirable traits or unsuccessful behaviors
38
False-uniqueness effect
Tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's desirable traits or successful behaviors
39
The public self
Self-presentation: Controlling, regulating, and monitoring the information we provide about ourselves -creating a desired identity to present to others -audience may be external, imaginary, or self -multiple audience problem: different sides of you may not be compatible, which poses a problem when the two audiences come together Self-handicapping: Protecting one's self-image by creating a handy excuse for failure Self-monitoring: Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting performance to create the desired impression
40
Self-presentation
Controlling, regulating, and monitoring the information we provide about ourselves - creating a desired identity to present to others - audience may be external, imaginary, or self - multiple audience problem: different sides of you may not be compatible, which poses a problem when the two audiences come together
41
Multiple audience problem
Different sides of you may not be compatible, which poses a problem when the two audiences come together
42
Self-handicapping
Protecting one's self-image by creating a handy excuse for failure Gender differences: On average men self-handicap more, blaming drugs and alcohol to do so more than women Women rely more on illness and stress
43
Self-monitoring
Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting performance to create the desired impression High self-monitors: - sensitive to social cues - social chameleons who work to project an image that they think others want to see Low self-monitors: - lack either ability or motivation to regulate self-presentations - focus on being self-consistent and relatively unconcerned with their impression

Psyc 140- Social (16 decks)

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