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Respiratory > Structure of the Upper Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Structure of the Upper Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the nose

A
  1. Warms and humidifies the temperature of inspired air
  2. Defence function
  3. Filter function
  4. Responsible for sense of smell
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2
Q

What % does the nose warm and humidify inspired air for how many seconds contact

A

0.25 seconds of contact

Humidity 75-80% relative humidity

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3
Q

How does the nose act as a defence function

A

Cilia takes inhaled particulates backwards to be swallowed

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4
Q

How does the nose act as a filter function

A

Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

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5
Q

Where does the nose extend from and to

A

Vestibule (anterior nares) to the nasopharynx

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6
Q

What are the three divisions of the nose

A
  1. Anterior nares open into vestibule
  2. Respiratory system
  3. Olfactory region
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7
Q

What is the vestibule of the nose

A

Area surrounding the anterior and external opening of the nasal cavity

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8
Q

What is the skin of the vestibule lined with

A

Stiff hairs

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9
Q

What is the histology of the respiratory system of the nose

A

Lined by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Intersped with mucus-secreting goblet cells

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10
Q

Where is the olfactory region of the nose located

A

Apex of the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What is the olfactory region of the nose lined by

A

Olfactory cells with olfactory receptors

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12
Q

What is the nose

A

Most upper portion of the respiratory tract

Olfactory and respiratory organ

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13
Q

What is another word for turbinates

A

Conchae

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14
Q

What are turbinates’/conchae

A

Curved bones that project out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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15
Q

What is the function of turbinates’/conchae

A

Increase/double the surface area

Increases the amount of contact the air has with its cavity walls

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16
Q

What are meatus

A

Pathways for air to flow

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17
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses which drain into the nasal cavity

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Maxillary
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Sphenoid bones
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18
Q

What paranasal sinuses open into the middle meatus

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Anterior ethmoid sinuses

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19
Q

What are paranasal sinuses arranged into

A

pairs

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20
Q

What are paranasal sinuses

A

Evagination of the mucus membrane from the nasal cavity

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21
Q

Where does the middle ethmoid sinus empty into

A

Ethmoidal bulba

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22
Q

What is the ethmoidal bulba

A

Bulge in lateral wall formed by the middle ethmoidal sinus itself

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23
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open

A

At the level of superior meatus

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24
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain

A

Into posterior roof

Only structure not to empty out on lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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25
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses located

A

Within the frontal bone

Either side of the midline septum

Most superior of the paranasal sinuses

Over orbit and across the superciliary arch

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26
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain

A

Via frontal duct

27
Q

What is the nerve supply to the frontal sinuses

A

Ophthalmic division of V nerve

Supraorbital nerve

28
Q

What is the artery supply to the frontal sinuses

A

Anterior ethmoid artery

Branch of the internal carotid

29
Q

Where is the location of the maxillary sinus

A

On the body of the maxilla (think cheeks)

Laterally and slightly inferiorly to the nasal cavities

Largest sinus

30
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus open into

A

Middle meatus

31
Q

What shape is the maxillary sinus with its sides

A

Pyramidal

Base - lateral wall of the nose

Apex - Zygomatic processes of the maxilla

Roof - Floor of the orbit

Floor - Alveolar processes

32
Q

What is the drainage of the maxillary sinuses

A

Hiatus semilunaris

Underneath frontal sinus openings

33
Q

Where are the ethmoidal sinuses located

A

Between the eyes in the ethmoid bones

34
Q

How many ethmoidal sinuses are there and what are there respective names

A

3

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

35
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal sinus open into

A

Hiatus semilunaris

(Middle meatus)

36
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal sinus open into

A

Lateral wall of middle meatus

37
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoid sinus open into

A

Lateral wall of the superior meatus

38
Q

What is the nerve supply to the ethmoidal sinuses

A

Ophthalmic and maxillary V nerve

39
Q

What is the artery supply to the ethmoidal sinuses

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

40
Q

Where are the sphenoid sinuses located

A

Within the body of the sphenoid bone

41
Q

What is the drainage of the sphenoid sinuses

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

(Lateral to the attachment of the nasal septum)

42
Q

What is the nerve supply to the sphenoid sinuses

A

Ophthalmic V

43
Q

What is the artery supply to the sphenoid sinuses

A

Pharyngeal branches of the maxillary arteries

44
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Fibromuscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus

45
Q

What is the histology of the pharynx

A

Lined with squamous and columnar ciliated, mucous glands

46
Q

Where does the pharynx begin and end

A

Begins - At skull base

Ends - Inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

47
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx (superior to inferior)

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

48
Q

Where is the nasopharynx

A

Between the base of the skull and soft palate

49
Q

Where would you find the eustachian tube orifices

A

Lateral wall of the nasopharynx

50
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx

A

Conditions inspired air and propagates it into the larynx

51
Q

What is the histology of the nasopharynx

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

52
Q

Where is the oropharynx located

A

Between soft palate (anteriorly) and superior border of epiglottis

Inferiorly to the hyoid bone

53
Q

What does the oropharynx contain

A

Palatine tonsils

Between the palatoglossal folds and palatopharyngeal folds

54
Q

What is the oropharynx involved in

A

Voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing

55
Q

Were is the laryngopharynx located

A

Between superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of C6

56
Q

What is the larynx

A

Located in the anterior of the neck

9 cartilages - rigid structure

E.g. voice box

57
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A

Prevent liquid and food entering the lungs - protection of the lower respiratory tract

58
Q

What is the arterial supply to the larynx

A

Superior and inferior thyroid artery

59
Q

What is the nerve supply to the larynx

A

Vagus - motor and sensory information

60
Q

How does the larynx work as voice box

A

Arytenoid cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords

61
Q

Name the laryngeal cartilages

A

3 unpaired (single)
1. Epiglottis
2. Thyroid
3. Cricoid

6 paired (double)
1. Cuneiform
2. Corniculate
3. Arytenoid

62
Q

What is the innervation of the superior laryngeal nerve

A

Sensory - supraglottis

Motor - external branch. Cricothyroid muscle

63
Q

What is the innervation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Sensory - infraglottis

Motor - All internal muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid)

Respiratory (16 decks)

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