Neck

Question 1

What is the superior border of the anterior triangle

Answer 1

Inferior border of the mandible

Question 2

What is the lateral border of the anterior triangle

Answer 2

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 3

What is the medial border of the anterior triangle

Answer 3

Sagittal line down the midline of the neck

Question 4

How are the muscles in the anterior portion of the neck divided

Answer 4

Relation to the hyoid bone

Question 5

Where are the suprahyoid muscles located

Answer 5

Superior to the hyoid bone

Question 6

Where are the infrahyoid muscles located

Answer 6

Inferior to the hyoid bone

Question 7

What bifurcates within the anterior triangle

Answer 7

Common carotid artery

Into external and infernal carotid branches

Question 8

What can be found in the anterior triangle

Answer 8

Common carotid artery - external and internal

Internal jugular vein

Cranial nerves
- facial (7)
- glossopharyngeal (9)
- vagus (10)
- accessory (11)
- hypoglossal (12)

Question 9

Name the suprahyoid muscles

Answer 9

Styloid

Digastric

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid

Question 10

Name the infrahyoid muscles

Answer 10

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid

Thyrohyoid

Sternothyroid

Question 11

What is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle

Answer 11

Midline of neck

Question 12

What is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle

Answer 12

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 13

What is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle

Answer 13

Lower border of mandible

Question 14

What main structures does the anterior triangle contain

Answer 14

Trachea

Larynx

Question 15

What glands does the anterior triangle contain

Answer 15

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Submandibular salivary gland

Question 16

What muscles does the anterior triangle contain

Answer 16

Suprahyoid

Infrahyoid

Question 17

What arteries/veins does the anterior triangle contain

Answer 17

Common carotid - and terminal branches external and internal

External carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Question 18

What nerves does the anterior triangle contain

Answer 18

Facial (7)
Glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
Accessory (11)
Hypoglossal (12)

Ansa cervicalis - fibres from C1-C3

Question 19

What innervates the infrahyoid muscle

Answer 19

Ansa cervicalis

Question 20

Define platysma

Answer 20

Very thin subcutaneous muscle deep to the skin of the neck

Question 21

How do cervical vertebrae articulate with each other

Answer 21

Facet joints that are orientated obliquely - allows for a good range of flexion and extension

Question 22

Describe the location hyoid bone

Answer 22

Slender bone situated anteriorly in the upper neck - inferior to mandible

Question 23

What is the role of the hyoid bone

Answer 23

Helps keep the pharynx open

Provides attachment for several muscles in the neck and of the tongue

Question 24

Describe the larynx

Answer 24

‘Voice box’

Composed of a ‘skeleton’ of small cartilages connected by membranes and small joints

Muscles attach to the laryngeal cartilages and move them - in turn move the vocal cords and allowing phonation

Question 25

Where is the sternocleidomastoid attached

Answer 25

Sternum Clavicle Mastoid process - part of temporal bone

Question 26

What is the sternocleidomastoid innervated by

Answer 26

Accessory nerve

Question 27

How can the sternocleidomastoid act

Answer 27

Unilaterally Bilaterally e.g. both left and right muscles act together

Question 28

What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle

Answer 28

Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

Question 29

What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle

Answer 29

Anterior border of trapezius

Question 30

What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle

Answer 30

Clavicle

Question 31

What is the apex (superior) of the posterior triangle formed by

Answer 31

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 32

What muscles does the posterior triangle contain

Answer 32

Muscles that move the head

Question 33

What artery/veins does the posterior triangle contain

Answer 33

Subclavian artery Subclavian vein External jugular vein - drains the scalp and face

Question 34

What nerves does the posterior triangle contain

Answer 34

Accessory nerve (11) Roots of the brachial plexus Cervical plexus (C1-4) Phrenic nerve

Question 35

What are the bones and cartilages of the neck

Answer 35

Cervical vertebrae Hyoid bone Larynx

Question 36

What do the suprahyoid muscles form

Answer 36

Floor of mouth

Question 37

What happens when the suprahyoid muscles contract

Answer 37

Raise hyoid bone and larynx during speech and swallowing

Question 38

What is the role of the infrahyoid muscles

Answer 38

Draw the hyoid bone and larynx inferiorly during speech and swallowing

Question 39

What are the superficial infrahyoid muscles

Answer 39

Sternohyoid Omohyoid

Question 40

What does the sternohyoid attach

Answer 40

Hyoid to sternum

Question 41

What does the omohyoid attach

Answer 41

Hyoid to scapula

Question 42

What are the deep muscles of the infrahyoid

Answer 42

Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid

Question 43

What does the sternothyroid attach

Answer 43

Sternum to thyroid cartilage

Question 44

What does the thyrohyoid attach

Answer 44

Sternum to the thyroid cartilage of the hyoid

Question 45

What is the thyroid gland composed of

Answer 45

Right and left lobes

Question 46

Where are the thyroid glands located

Answer 46

Lateral to the lower larynx and upper trachea Lies deep to the sternothyroid muscle

Question 47

How are the two thyroid glands joined together

Answer 47

By the isthmus - lies anterior to the trachea

Question 48

What is the role of the thyroid glands

Answer 48

Produce hormones which play an important role in regulation of metabolic processes

Question 49

What regulates hormone secretion of the thyroid gland

Answer 49

Pituatory gland

Question 50

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid glands

Answer 50

Left and right superior thyroid arteries Left and right inferior thyroid arteries

Question 51

What are the left and right superior thyroid arteries branches of

Answer 51

External carotid arteries

Question 52

What are the left and right thyroid arteries branches of

Answer 52

Thyrocervical trunks - branches of subclavian

Question 53

What is the additional artery some people have to the thyroid

Answer 53

Thyroid ima artery

Question 54

What veins drain the thyroid gland

Answer 54

Superior Middle Inferior thyroid veins

Question 55

How many parathyroid glands are there Where are they located

Answer 55

4 Right and left superior and inferior Posterior to thyroid gland

Question 56

What is the role of parathyroid glands

Answer 56

Produce parathyroid hormone - plays a role in calcium regulation

Question 57

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands

Answer 57

Inferior thyroid arteries

Question 58

What is the function of the thyroid gland

Answer 58

One of the main regulators of metabolism - basal metabolic rate - gluconeogenesis - glycogenolysis - protein synthesis - lipogenesis - thermogenesis

Question 59

What is the innervation of the thyroid gland

Answer 59

Branches derived from the sympathetic nervous system Nerves do not control the secretory function of the gland Sympathetic - cervical ganglion Parasympathetic - recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 60

What does the internal carotid artery supply

Answer 60

Into cranium and supplies the brain

Question 61

What does the external carotid artery supply

Answer 61

Several branches that supply the head and neck Includes - pharynx - scalp - thyroid gland - tongue - face

Question 62

Where does the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries occur

Answer 62

Where caratoid sinus

Question 63

Where are baroreceptors What is there role

Answer 63

Carotid sinus Constantly monitor arterial blood pressure Visceral sensory information is relayed back to the CNS by glossopharyngeal nerve Results in reflex responses that regulate blood pressure

Question 64

What forms the brachiocephalic vein

Answer 64

Subclavian vein Internal jugular vein

Question 65

What does the external jugular vein drain What vein does it join

Answer 65

Drains blood from scalp Joins subclavian vein

Question 66

In the neck What does the facial nerve supply

Answer 66

Platysma

Question 67

In the neck What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply

Answer 67

Pharynx - sensory Carotid sinus - visceral sensory

Question 68

In the neck What does the vagus nerve supply

Answer 68

Vital for normal speech and swallowing Muscles of the pharynx (motor) Larynx (motor and sensory)

Question 69

Where in the neck does the vagus nerve run

Answer 69

Between the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery (above bifurcation) Between internal jugular vein and common carotid artery (below its bifurcation)

Question 70

What is the carotid sheath

Answer 70

Facial sheath where the internal jugular vein, internal/common carotid artery and vagus nerve run

Question 71

In the neck What does the accessory nerve supply

Answer 71

Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius

Question 72

In the neck what does the hypoglossal nerve supply

Answer 72

Motor to muscles of the tongue Does not supply any structures in the neck but travels through it

Question 73

Where in the neck does the hypoglossal nerve run

Answer 73

Lies lateral to internal carotid artery Deep to external jugular vein

Question 74

What is the root of the phrenic nerve

Answer 74

Descends through neck to enter the thorax to innervate diaphragm