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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the R. lung have and what are the respective names

A

3

Superior (upper)
Middle
Inferior (lower)

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2
Q

How many lobes does the L. lung have and what are the respective names

A

2

Superior (Lingula)
Inferior

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3
Q

Where would you find the oblique fissure

A

Both lungs

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4
Q

What does the oblique fissure separate in the L. lung

A

Superior and inferior lobes

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5
Q

What does the oblique fissure separate in the R. lung

A

Middle and inferior lobes

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6
Q

Where would you find the horizontal fissure

A

Right lung

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7
Q

What does the horizontal fissure separate

A

Superior lobe and middle lobe

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8
Q

Where is the costal surface

A

Adjacent to the ribs

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9
Q

Where is the mediastinal surface

A

Adjacent to the heart

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10
Q

Where is the diaphragmatic surface

A

Inferior surface of the lung

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11
Q

What is the root of each lung

A

Compromises of pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and main bronchus

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12
Q

What encloses the root of the lung

A

Pleura

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13
Q

What is the hilum of the lung

A

Region on mediastinal surface

Where pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus exit and enter the lung

Area slightly different for each lung

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14
Q

Hilum of the right lung does the artery lie anterior or superior to the bronchus

A

Anterior

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15
Q

Hilum of the left lung does the artery lie superior or anterior in relation to the bronchus

A

Superior

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16
Q

At both the left and right lungs what vessel is usually the most anterior and inferior

A

Two pulmonary veins

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17
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi

A

Sternal angle

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18
Q

What is the differences between the right and left main bronchi

A

Right
- Shorter
- Wider
- Extends more vertically

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19
Q

Which main bronchi is a foreign object more likely to enter

A

Right

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20
Q

What is the bronchial tree

A

Branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs

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21
Q

What does each main bronchi divide into

A

Lobar bronchi

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22
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in the right lung

A

3

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23
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in the left lung

A

2

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24
Q

What do lobar bronchi divide to form

A

Segmental bronchi

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25
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there per lung

A

10

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26
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

Functionally independent region of the lung
Supplied by their own segmental bronchus and blood vessels

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27
Q

What do segmental bronchi divide to become

A

Bronchioles

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28
Q

What do the very smallest bronchioles conduct air to

A

Alveoli

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29
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

Alveoli

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30
Q

Contraction and relaxation of the bronchioles is under what form of control

A

Autonomic

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31
Q

What supplies the lungs

A

Bronchial arteries

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32
Q

What are bronchial arteries from

A

Descending aorta

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33
Q

Where do bronchial veins return blood to

A

Azygos system of veins

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34
Q

What type of nerves innervates the lungs

A

Autonomic nerves

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35
Q

What do parasympathetic fibres stimulate

A

Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Secretion from the glands of the bronchial tree

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36
Q

What is the name for the constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

A

Bronchoconstriction

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37
Q

What do sympathetic fibres stimulate

A

Stimulate relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Inhibit secretion from glands

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38
Q

What is the name for relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

A

Bronchodilation

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39
Q

What is the role of visceral afferents

A

Accompany SNS and PSNS fibres to relay information to the lungs and visceral pleura to the CNS

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40
Q

Where does lymph from the lungs drain

A

Venous system via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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41
Q

What is the anterior border surface like

A

Sharp and tapered

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42
Q

What is the posterior border surface like

A

Thick and rounded

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42
Q

What is the inferior border surface like

A

Sharp and tapered

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43
Q

What is the order of divisions in the lungs

A

Main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (not a direct division)

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44
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscles are there and what are there associated names

A

3

External
Internal
Innermost

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45
Q

What does the neurovascular bundle contain

A

Intercostal nerve
Intercostal artery
Intercostal vein

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46
Q

What are the spaces between the ribs

A

Intercostal spaces

47
Q

What do the intercostal spaces contain

A

3 layers of intercostal muscles
Neurovascular bundle

48
Q

What the orientation of the intercostal muscles and what movement do they control

A

Antero-inferiorly

Contraction pulls ribs superiorly

49
Q

What intercostal muscle is the most active during inspiration

A

External intercostal

50
Q

What happens in the anterior part of the intercostal space with the external intercostal

A

Muscle become membranous

Forms the external intercostal membrane

51
Q

Where do the internal intercostal lie

A

Deep to the external intercostal

52
Q

What direction do the internal intercostal run

A

Postero-inferior

53
Q

What movement does contraction of the intercostal cause

A

Pulls the ribs inferiorly

54
Q

What is the most active intercostal muscle during expiration

A

Expiration

55
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal at the most posterior part

A

Becomes more posterior part of the intercostal space

Forms the internal intercostal membrane

56
Q

Where does the innermost intercostal lie

A

Posterior part of intercostal space

Deep to the internal intercostal

57
Q

What direction are the fibres of the innermost intercostal

A

Same direction of internal intercostal

Posterio-inferior

58
Q

Where does the endothoracic fascia lie

A

Deep to the innermost intercostal

Superficial to the parietal pleura (which surrounds the lungs)

59
Q

Where does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie

A

Between plane of internal and innermost intercostal

Lies inferior border of the rib superior to the space

Lies in shallow costal groove on the deep surface of the rib

60
Q

What does the neurovascular bundle supply

A

Intercostal muscle
Overlying skin
Underlying parietal pleura

61
Q

Where would an incision be made when requiring to pierce the intercostal space

A

Middle to lower part of the intercostal space

62
Q

What do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries supply

A

Anterior and posterior part of the intercostal space

63
Q

What is the anterior intercostal arteries branches of

A

Internal thoracic artery

(A branch of the subclavian artery)

64
Q

What is the posterior intercostal arteries a branch of

A

Descending aorta in the posterior thorax

65
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain

A

Into internal thoracic vein

66
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain

A

Azygous veins

67
Q

What are intercostal nerves

A

Somatic

Contain motor and sensory fibres

Carry sympathetic fibres

68
Q

What do the intercostal nerves innervate

A

Intercostal muscles
Skin of the chest wall
Parietal pleura

69
Q

What are the two layers of membranes called which cover the lungs and structures passing into and out of the lungs (pulmonary blood vessels and main bronchi)

A

Pleurae

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura

70
Q

What pleura lines the inside of the thorax

A

Parietal

71
Q

What pleura covers the surface of the lungs and extends into the fissures

A

Viscera

72
Q

What lines between the parietal and visceral pleura

A

Thin pleural cavity (space)

73
Q

What produces pleural fluid which fills the pleural cavity

A

Pleura cells

74
Q

How are parietal pleura named

A

According to the structures they lie adjacent to

75
Q

What is the name of the pleura covers the apex of the lung

A

Cervical pleura

76
Q

What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the ribs

A

Costal pleura

77
Q

What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the heart

A

Mediastinal pleura

78
Q

What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the diaphragm

A

Diaphragmatic pleura

79
Q

What is the ‘gutter’ around the periphery of the diaphragm where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

80
Q

Where does the costomediastinal lie

A

Junction of the costal and mediastinal pleura

81
Q

What is the parietal pleura innervated by

A

Intercostal nerves that innervate the overlying skin of the chest wall - phrenic and intercostal nerves

Usually painful

82
Q

What is the visceral pleural innervated by

A

Autonomic sensory nerves (visceral nerves)

Does not usually reach conscious perception

83
Q

What is the costaldiaphragmatic space

A

Space between parietal pleura extends more inferiorly than the inferior border of the lung

84
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs

A

Just superior to the medial end of the clavicle

85
Q

Where does the inferior border of the lung lie (ribs)

A

6th rib anteriorly (midclavicular line)
8th rib laterally (midaxillary line)
10th rib posteriorly (at the vertebral column)

86
Q

Where is the parietal pleura extend to

A

8th rib anteriorly (midclavicular line)
10th rib laterally (midaxillary line)
12th rib posteriorly (at the vertebral column)

87
Q

Where does the oblique fissure of the right and left lung extend

A

4th rib posteriorly
6th costal cartilage anteriorly
Fissure runs deep of 5th rib

88
Q

Where does the horizontal fissure of the right lung extend

A

4th costal cartilage
Intersects the oblique fissure

89
Q

Describe the root of lung

A

Lies between the heart and the lung

Compromises of
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary veins
- main bronchus

Pleura encloses the root of the lung like a sleeve

90
Q

Describe the hilum of the lung

A

Where pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus enter and exit the lung

91
Q

Describe the hilum of the right lung

A

Main bronchus lies anterior to the pulmonary artery

92
Q

Describe the hilum of the left lung

A

Main bronchus lies inferior to the pulmonary artery

93
Q

In the left and right hilum what are usually the most anterior and inferior vessels

A

Two pulmonary veins

94
Q

When does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi

A

Level of the sternal angle

95
Q

What is the order of the bronchial tree

A

Main bronchus

Lobar bronchi - 3 in right lung, 2 in left lung

Segmental bronchi - 10 per lung

Bronchioles

Very smallest bronchiole = alveoli. Site of gas exchange

96
Q

Describe a bronchopulmonary segment

A

Segmental bronchi - 10 per lung

Supplied by there own segmental bronchus and blood vessels, a segment may be resected without affecting the rest of the lung

97
Q

What are the openings of the diaphragm

A

Aorta - Aortic hiatus

Inferior vena cava - caval opening

Oesophagus - oesophageal hiatus

98
Q

Where is the diaphragm attached

A

Xiphoid process

Costal margin - and tips of 11th and 12th ribs

Lumbar vertebrae

99
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm

A

Right and left phrenic nerves (do each side)

Somatic nerves formed from C3,4,5 spinal nerves - contain motor and sensory fibres

100
Q

What is the mneumonic to remember the openings of the

A

I 8 10 EGGS AT 12

I 8 - IVC t8

10 EGGS esophagus and vagus T10

AT 12 Aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct cross at T12

101
Q

Where are the vocal cords located

A

Within the larynx

102
Q

What are the two pairs of vocal cords

A

Vestibular folds - false vocal cords

Vocal folds - true vocal cords (inferior)

103
Q

What forms the true vocal cords

A

Vocal folds - mucous membrane that cover the vocal ligaments

Vocal folds + vocal ligaments

104
Q

What are the vocal ligaments attached to

A

Anterior - laryngeal prominence

Posteriorly - arytenoid cartilages

105
Q

What is the name of the space between the true vocal cords

A

rima glottidis

Adduction - closes
Abduction - opens

106
Q

What doe phonation require

A

Adduction of the cords

Closure of the rima glottidis

107
Q

What does abduction of the cords cause

A

Open rima glottidis

  • small degree in whispering
  • partially in normal breathing
  • fully in forced breathing
108
Q

What moves the vocal cords and opens and closes the rima glottidis

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

109
Q

Describe the tonsils

A

Collections of lymphoid tissues in upper part of pharynx

110
Q

What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

Tubal tonsils

111
Q

Where do the pharyngeal tonsils lie

A

(adenoid)

Roof of the nasopharynx

112
Q

Where do tubular tonsils lie

A

Surrounds the opening to the auditory tube

113
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils

A

Next to the pharyngeal wall in the oropharynx

114
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils

A

Posterior aspect of tongue

115
Q

How do you remember where the pulmonary artery lies in relation to the bronchus

A

RALS

Right - anterior
Left - superior

Respiratory (16 decks)

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