Anatomy Flashcards
How many lobes does the R. lung have and what are the respective names
3
Superior (upper)
Middle
Inferior (lower)
How many lobes does the L. lung have and what are the respective names
2
Superior (Lingula)
Inferior
Where would you find the oblique fissure
Both lungs
What does the oblique fissure separate in the L. lung
Superior and inferior lobes
What does the oblique fissure separate in the R. lung
Middle and inferior lobes
Where would you find the horizontal fissure
Right lung
What does the horizontal fissure separate
Superior lobe and middle lobe
Where is the costal surface
Adjacent to the ribs
Where is the mediastinal surface
Adjacent to the heart
Where is the diaphragmatic surface
Inferior surface of the lung
What is the root of each lung
Compromises of pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and main bronchus
What encloses the root of the lung
Pleura
What is the hilum of the lung
Region on mediastinal surface
Where pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus exit and enter the lung
Area slightly different for each lung
Hilum of the right lung does the artery lie anterior or superior to the bronchus
Anterior
Hilum of the left lung does the artery lie superior or anterior in relation to the bronchus
Superior
At both the left and right lungs what vessel is usually the most anterior and inferior
Two pulmonary veins
What level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi
Sternal angle
What is the differences between the right and left main bronchi
Right
- Shorter
- Wider
- Extends more vertically
Which main bronchi is a foreign object more likely to enter
Right
What is the bronchial tree
Branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs
What does each main bronchi divide into
Lobar bronchi
How many lobar bronchi are there in the right lung
3
How many lobar bronchi are there in the left lung
2
What do lobar bronchi divide to form
Segmental bronchi
How many segmental bronchi are there per lung
10
What is a bronchopulmonary segment
Functionally independent region of the lung
Supplied by their own segmental bronchus and blood vessels
What do segmental bronchi divide to become
Bronchioles
What do the very smallest bronchioles conduct air to
Alveoli
Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs
Alveoli
Contraction and relaxation of the bronchioles is under what form of control
Autonomic
What supplies the lungs
Bronchial arteries
What are bronchial arteries from
Descending aorta
Where do bronchial veins return blood to
Azygos system of veins
What type of nerves innervates the lungs
Autonomic nerves
What do parasympathetic fibres stimulate
Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Secretion from the glands of the bronchial tree
What is the name for the constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Bronchoconstriction
What do sympathetic fibres stimulate
Stimulate relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Inhibit secretion from glands
What is the name for relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Bronchodilation
What is the role of visceral afferents
Accompany SNS and PSNS fibres to relay information to the lungs and visceral pleura to the CNS
Where does lymph from the lungs drain
Venous system via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
What is the anterior border surface like
Sharp and tapered
What is the posterior border surface like
Thick and rounded
What is the inferior border surface like
Sharp and tapered
What is the order of divisions in the lungs
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (not a direct division)
How many layers of intercostal muscles are there and what are there associated names
3
External
Internal
Innermost
What does the neurovascular bundle contain
Intercostal nerve
Intercostal artery
Intercostal vein
What are the spaces between the ribs
Intercostal spaces
What do the intercostal spaces contain
3 layers of intercostal muscles
Neurovascular bundle
What the orientation of the intercostal muscles and what movement do they control
Antero-inferiorly
Contraction pulls ribs superiorly
What intercostal muscle is the most active during inspiration
External intercostal
What happens in the anterior part of the intercostal space with the external intercostal
Muscle become membranous
Forms the external intercostal membrane
Where do the internal intercostal lie
Deep to the external intercostal
What direction do the internal intercostal run
Postero-inferior
What movement does contraction of the intercostal cause
Pulls the ribs inferiorly
What is the most active intercostal muscle during expiration
Expiration
What happens to the internal intercostal at the most posterior part
Becomes more posterior part of the intercostal space
Forms the internal intercostal membrane
Where does the innermost intercostal lie
Posterior part of intercostal space
Deep to the internal intercostal
What direction are the fibres of the innermost intercostal
Same direction of internal intercostal
Posterio-inferior
Where does the endothoracic fascia lie
Deep to the innermost intercostal
Superficial to the parietal pleura (which surrounds the lungs)
Where does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie
Between plane of internal and innermost intercostal
Lies inferior border of the rib superior to the space
Lies in shallow costal groove on the deep surface of the rib
What does the neurovascular bundle supply
Intercostal muscle
Overlying skin
Underlying parietal pleura
Where would an incision be made when requiring to pierce the intercostal space
Middle to lower part of the intercostal space
What do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries supply
Anterior and posterior part of the intercostal space
What is the anterior intercostal arteries branches of
Internal thoracic artery
(A branch of the subclavian artery)
What is the posterior intercostal arteries a branch of
Descending aorta in the posterior thorax
Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain
Into internal thoracic vein
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain
Azygous veins
What are intercostal nerves
Somatic
Contain motor and sensory fibres
Carry sympathetic fibres
What do the intercostal nerves innervate
Intercostal muscles
Skin of the chest wall
Parietal pleura
What are the two layers of membranes called which cover the lungs and structures passing into and out of the lungs (pulmonary blood vessels and main bronchi)
Pleurae
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
What pleura lines the inside of the thorax
Parietal
What pleura covers the surface of the lungs and extends into the fissures
Viscera
What lines between the parietal and visceral pleura
Thin pleural cavity (space)
What produces pleural fluid which fills the pleural cavity
Pleura cells
How are parietal pleura named
According to the structures they lie adjacent to
What is the name of the pleura covers the apex of the lung
Cervical pleura
What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the ribs
Costal pleura
What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the heart
Mediastinal pleura
What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic pleura
What is the ‘gutter’ around the periphery of the diaphragm where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura
Costodiaphragmatic recess
Where does the costomediastinal lie
Junction of the costal and mediastinal pleura
What is the parietal pleura innervated by
Intercostal nerves that innervate the overlying skin of the chest wall - phrenic and intercostal nerves
Usually painful
What is the visceral pleural innervated by
Autonomic sensory nerves (visceral nerves)
Does not usually reach conscious perception
What is the costaldiaphragmatic space
Space between parietal pleura extends more inferiorly than the inferior border of the lung
Where is the apex of the lungs
Just superior to the medial end of the clavicle
Where does the inferior border of the lung lie (ribs)
6th rib anteriorly (midclavicular line)
8th rib laterally (midaxillary line)
10th rib posteriorly (at the vertebral column)
Where is the parietal pleura extend to
8th rib anteriorly (midclavicular line)
10th rib laterally (midaxillary line)
12th rib posteriorly (at the vertebral column)
Where does the oblique fissure of the right and left lung extend
4th rib posteriorly
6th costal cartilage anteriorly
Fissure runs deep of 5th rib
Where does the horizontal fissure of the right lung extend
4th costal cartilage
Intersects the oblique fissure
Describe the root of lung
Lies between the heart and the lung
Compromises of
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary veins
- main bronchus
Pleura encloses the root of the lung like a sleeve
Describe the hilum of the lung
Where pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus enter and exit the lung
Describe the hilum of the right lung
Main bronchus lies anterior to the pulmonary artery
Describe the hilum of the left lung
Main bronchus lies inferior to the pulmonary artery
In the left and right hilum what are usually the most anterior and inferior vessels
Two pulmonary veins
When does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi
Level of the sternal angle
What is the order of the bronchial tree
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchi - 3 in right lung, 2 in left lung
Segmental bronchi - 10 per lung
Bronchioles
Very smallest bronchiole = alveoli. Site of gas exchange
Describe a bronchopulmonary segment
Segmental bronchi - 10 per lung
Supplied by there own segmental bronchus and blood vessels, a segment may be resected without affecting the rest of the lung
What are the openings of the diaphragm
Aorta - Aortic hiatus
Inferior vena cava - caval opening
Oesophagus - oesophageal hiatus
Where is the diaphragm attached
Xiphoid process
Costal margin - and tips of 11th and 12th ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
What is the innervation of the diaphragm
Right and left phrenic nerves (do each side)
Somatic nerves formed from C3,4,5 spinal nerves - contain motor and sensory fibres
What is the mneumonic to remember the openings of the
I 8 10 EGGS AT 12
I 8 - IVC t8
10 EGGS esophagus and vagus T10
AT 12 Aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct cross at T12
Where are the vocal cords located
Within the larynx
What are the two pairs of vocal cords
Vestibular folds - false vocal cords
Vocal folds - true vocal cords (inferior)
What forms the true vocal cords
Vocal folds - mucous membrane that cover the vocal ligaments
Vocal folds + vocal ligaments
What are the vocal ligaments attached to
Anterior - laryngeal prominence
Posteriorly - arytenoid cartilages
What is the name of the space between the true vocal cords
rima glottidis
Adduction - closes
Abduction - opens
What doe phonation require
Adduction of the cords
Closure of the rima glottidis
What does abduction of the cords cause
Open rima glottidis
- small degree in whispering
- partially in normal breathing
- fully in forced breathing
What moves the vocal cords and opens and closes the rima glottidis
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Describe the tonsils
Collections of lymphoid tissues in upper part of pharynx
What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Where do the pharyngeal tonsils lie
(adenoid)
Roof of the nasopharynx
Where do tubular tonsils lie
Surrounds the opening to the auditory tube
Where are the palatine tonsils
Next to the pharyngeal wall in the oropharynx
Where are the lingual tonsils
Posterior aspect of tongue
How do you remember where the pulmonary artery lies in relation to the bronchus
RALS
Right - anterior
Left - superior
