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Anatomy Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

How many lobes does the R. lung have and what are the respective names

A

3

Superior (upper)
Middle
Inferior (lower)

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2
Q

How many lobes does the L. lung have and what are the respective names

A

2

Superior (Lingula)
Inferior

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3
Q

Where would you find the oblique fissure

A

Both lungs

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4
Q

What does the oblique fissure separate in the L. lung

A

Superior and inferior lobes

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5
Q

What does the oblique fissure separate in the R. lung

A

Middle and inferior lobes

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6
Q

Where would you find the horizontal fissure

A

Right lung

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7
Q

What does the horizontal fissure separate

A

Superior lobe and middle lobe

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8
Q

Where is the costal surface

A

Adjacent to the ribs

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9
Q

Where is the mediastinal surface

A

Adjacent to the heart

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10
Q

Where is the diaphragmatic surface

A

Inferior surface of the lung

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11
Q

What is the root of each lung

A

Compromises of pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and main bronchus

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12
Q

What encloses the root of the lung

A

Pleura

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13
Q

What is the hilum of the lung

A

Region on mediastinal surface

Where pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus exit and enter the lung

Area slightly different for each lung

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14
Q

Hilum of the right lung does the artery lie anterior or superior to the bronchus

A

Anterior

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15
Q

Hilum of the left lung does the artery lie superior or anterior in relation to the bronchus

A

Superior

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16
Q

At both the left and right lungs what vessel is usually the most anterior and inferior

A

Two pulmonary veins

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17
Q

What level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi

A

Sternal angle

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18
Q

What is the differences between the right and left main bronchi

A

Right
- Shorter
- Wider
- Extends more vertically

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19
Q

Which main bronchi is a foreign object more likely to enter

A

Right

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20
Q

What is the bronchial tree

A

Branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs

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21
Q

What does each main bronchi divide into

A

Lobar bronchi

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22
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in the right lung

A

3

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23
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in the left lung

A

2

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24
Q

What do lobar bronchi divide to form

A

Segmental bronchi

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25
How many segmental bronchi are there per lung
10
26
What is a bronchopulmonary segment
Functionally independent region of the lung Supplied by their own segmental bronchus and blood vessels
27
What do segmental bronchi divide to become
Bronchioles
28
What do the very smallest bronchioles conduct air to
Alveoli
29
Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs
Alveoli
30
Contraction and relaxation of the bronchioles is under what form of control
Autonomic
31
What supplies the lungs
Bronchial arteries
32
What are bronchial arteries from
Descending aorta
33
Where do bronchial veins return blood to
Azygos system of veins
34
What type of nerves innervates the lungs
Autonomic nerves
35
What do parasympathetic fibres stimulate
Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle Secretion from the glands of the bronchial tree
36
What is the name for the constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Bronchoconstriction
37
What do sympathetic fibres stimulate
Stimulate relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle Inhibit secretion from glands
38
What is the name for relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Bronchodilation
39
What is the role of visceral afferents
Accompany SNS and PSNS fibres to relay information to the lungs and visceral pleura to the CNS
40
Where does lymph from the lungs drain
Venous system via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
41
What is the anterior border surface like
Sharp and tapered
42
What is the posterior border surface like
Thick and rounded
42
What is the inferior border surface like
Sharp and tapered
43
What is the order of divisions in the lungs
Main bronchus Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (not a direct division)
44
How many layers of intercostal muscles are there and what are there associated names
3 External Internal Innermost
45
What does the neurovascular bundle contain
Intercostal nerve Intercostal artery Intercostal vein
46
What are the spaces between the ribs
Intercostal spaces
47
What do the intercostal spaces contain
3 layers of intercostal muscles Neurovascular bundle
48
What the orientation of the intercostal muscles and what movement do they control
Antero-inferiorly Contraction pulls ribs superiorly
49
What intercostal muscle is the most active during inspiration
External intercostal
50
What happens in the anterior part of the intercostal space with the external intercostal
Muscle become membranous Forms the external intercostal membrane
51
Where do the internal intercostal lie
Deep to the external intercostal
52
What direction do the internal intercostal run
Postero-inferior
53
What movement does contraction of the intercostal cause
Pulls the ribs inferiorly
54
What is the most active intercostal muscle during expiration
Expiration
55
What happens to the internal intercostal at the most posterior part
Becomes more posterior part of the intercostal space Forms the internal intercostal membrane
56
Where does the innermost intercostal lie
Posterior part of intercostal space Deep to the internal intercostal
57
What direction are the fibres of the innermost intercostal
Same direction of internal intercostal Posterio-inferior
58
Where does the endothoracic fascia lie
Deep to the innermost intercostal Superficial to the parietal pleura (which surrounds the lungs)
59
Where does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie
Between plane of internal and innermost intercostal Lies inferior border of the rib superior to the space Lies in shallow costal groove on the deep surface of the rib
60
What does the neurovascular bundle supply
Intercostal muscle Overlying skin Underlying parietal pleura
61
Where would an incision be made when requiring to pierce the intercostal space
Middle to lower part of the intercostal space
62
What do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries supply
Anterior and posterior part of the intercostal space
63
What is the anterior intercostal arteries branches of
Internal thoracic artery (A branch of the subclavian artery)
64
What is the posterior intercostal arteries a branch of
Descending aorta in the posterior thorax
65
Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain
Into internal thoracic vein
66
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain
Azygous veins
67
What are intercostal nerves
Somatic Contain motor and sensory fibres Carry sympathetic fibres
68
What do the intercostal nerves innervate
Intercostal muscles Skin of the chest wall Parietal pleura
69
What are the two layers of membranes called which cover the lungs and structures passing into and out of the lungs (pulmonary blood vessels and main bronchi)
Pleurae Parietal pleura Visceral pleura
70
What pleura lines the inside of the thorax
Parietal
71
What pleura covers the surface of the lungs and extends into the fissures
Viscera
72
What lines between the parietal and visceral pleura
Thin pleural cavity (space)
73
What produces pleural fluid which fills the pleural cavity
Pleura cells
74
How are parietal pleura named
According to the structures they lie adjacent to
75
What is the name of the pleura covers the apex of the lung
Cervical pleura
76
What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the ribs
Costal pleura
77
What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the heart
Mediastinal pleura
78
What is the name of the pleura that lies adjacent to the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic pleura
79
What is the 'gutter' around the periphery of the diaphragm where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura
Costodiaphragmatic recess
80
Where does the costomediastinal lie
Junction of the costal and mediastinal pleura
81
What is the parietal pleura innervated by
Intercostal nerves that innervate the overlying skin of the chest wall - phrenic and intercostal nerves Usually painful
82
What is the visceral pleural innervated by
Autonomic sensory nerves (visceral nerves) Does not usually reach conscious perception
83
What is the costaldiaphragmatic space
Space between parietal pleura extends more inferiorly than the inferior border of the lung
84
Where is the apex of the lungs
Just superior to the medial end of the clavicle
85
Where does the inferior border of the lung lie (ribs)
6th rib anteriorly (midclavicular line) 8th rib laterally (midaxillary line) 10th rib posteriorly (at the vertebral column)
86
Where is the parietal pleura extend to
8th rib anteriorly (midclavicular line) 10th rib laterally (midaxillary line) 12th rib posteriorly (at the vertebral column)
87
Where does the oblique fissure of the right and left lung extend
4th rib posteriorly 6th costal cartilage anteriorly Fissure runs deep of 5th rib
88
Where does the horizontal fissure of the right lung extend
4th costal cartilage Intersects the oblique fissure
89
Describe the root of lung
Lies between the heart and the lung Compromises of - pulmonary artery - pulmonary veins - main bronchus Pleura encloses the root of the lung like a sleeve
90
Describe the hilum of the lung
Where pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus enter and exit the lung
91
Describe the hilum of the right lung
Main bronchus lies anterior to the pulmonary artery
92
Describe the hilum of the left lung
Main bronchus lies inferior to the pulmonary artery
93
In the left and right hilum what are usually the most anterior and inferior vessels
Two pulmonary veins
94
When does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi
Level of the sternal angle
95
What is the order of the bronchial tree
Main bronchus Lobar bronchi - 3 in right lung, 2 in left lung Segmental bronchi - 10 per lung Bronchioles Very smallest bronchiole = alveoli. Site of gas exchange
96
Describe a bronchopulmonary segment
Segmental bronchi - 10 per lung Supplied by there own segmental bronchus and blood vessels, a segment may be resected without affecting the rest of the lung
97
What are the openings of the diaphragm
Aorta - Aortic hiatus Inferior vena cava - caval opening Oesophagus - oesophageal hiatus
98
Where is the diaphragm attached
Xiphoid process Costal margin - and tips of 11th and 12th ribs Lumbar vertebrae
99
What is the innervation of the diaphragm
Right and left phrenic nerves (do each side) Somatic nerves formed from C3,4,5 spinal nerves - contain motor and sensory fibres
100
What is the mneumonic to remember the openings of the
I 8 10 EGGS AT 12 I 8 - IVC t8 10 EGGS esophagus and vagus T10 AT 12 Aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct cross at T12
101
Where are the vocal cords located
Within the larynx
102
What are the two pairs of vocal cords
Vestibular folds - false vocal cords Vocal folds - true vocal cords (inferior)
103
What forms the true vocal cords
Vocal folds - mucous membrane that cover the vocal ligaments Vocal folds + vocal ligaments
104
What are the vocal ligaments attached to
Anterior - laryngeal prominence Posteriorly - arytenoid cartilages
105
What is the name of the space between the true vocal cords
rima glottidis Adduction - closes Abduction - opens
106
What doe phonation require
Adduction of the cords Closure of the rima glottidis
107
What does abduction of the cords cause
Open rima glottidis - small degree in whispering - partially in normal breathing - fully in forced breathing
108
What moves the vocal cords and opens and closes the rima glottidis
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
109
Describe the tonsils
Collections of lymphoid tissues in upper part of pharynx
110
What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils Tubal tonsils
111
Where do the pharyngeal tonsils lie
(adenoid) Roof of the nasopharynx
112
Where do tubular tonsils lie
Surrounds the opening to the auditory tube
113
Where are the palatine tonsils
Next to the pharyngeal wall in the oropharynx
114
Where are the lingual tonsils
Posterior aspect of tongue
115
How do you remember where the pulmonary artery lies in relation to the bronchus
RALS Right - anterior Left - superior

Respiratory (16 decks)

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