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Respiratory > Control of Respiration > Flashcards

Control of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Describe central chemoreceptors

A

Location - medulla oblongata in brainstem

Sensitive - PaCO2 blood (arterial)

When change are detected receptors send impulses to the respiratory centres in the brainstem which initiate change

Increase PaCO2 = increase ventilation - more CO2 exhaled

Decrease PaCO2 = decrease ventilation - CO2 retained in the lungs

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2
Q

What % do central chemoreceptors have on influence of PaCO2

A

60%

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3
Q

What % do peripheral chemoreceptors have on influence of PaCO2

A

40%

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4
Q

Describe peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Location - medulla and pons

Function - responsible for all ventilatory responses to hypoxia (reduced PaO2)

Low levels of oxygen will try adapting to influence pAO2 - main determinant PiO2 which can be hard to change

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5
Q

Describe the route of peripheral chemoreceptors to detect change

A

Low levels of oxygen detected

Afferent impulses travel via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

Increase respiratory rate and tidal volume

Blood flow directed towards the kidneys and brain

Increase cardiac output

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6
Q

What organs are more sensitive to hypoxia

A

Kidneys and brain

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7
Q

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

PaCO2

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8
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

PaO2

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9
Q

Describe mechano-receptors - lung receptors

A

3 types of lung receptors

  1. Stretch - sense lung volume, slowly adapting
  2. J - juxta pulmonary capillary
  3. Irritant - rapid adapting e.g. cough, gasp

Assist with lung volumes and responses to noxious inhaled agents

Afferent - Vagus Nerve

Combination of slow and fast adapting

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10
Q

Describe mechano-receptors airway

A

Location

  • nose, nasopharynx and larynx
    chemo and mechano receptors
  • pharynx
    Appear to be activated in swallowing
    Respiratory activity stops when swallowing to protect against the risk of aspiration of food or liquid
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11
Q

What are the chemical receptors for control of respiration

A

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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12
Q

Describe involuntary control of respiration

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles - stimulated by group of neurones in pons and medulla

Send impulses to primary respiratory muscles via phrenic and intercostal nerves - stimulate contraction

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13
Q

What are the three main neurones involved in respiration

A

Ventral respiratory group

Dorsal respiratory group

Pontine respiratory group

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14
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group control

A

Active in both inspiration and expiration

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15
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group control

A

Active during inspiration

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16
Q

What does the pontine respiratory group control

A

Rate and pattern of breathing

17
Q

What happens when the neurones involved in involuntary control of respiration stop firing

A

Inspiratory muscles relax and expiration occurs

18
Q

Describe voluntary control of respiration

A

Motor cortex in cerebrum - receives inputs from limbic system and hypothalamus

Thought to be sent from the spinal cord from the motor cortex - passed to respiratory muscles

19
Q

What are the areas of control in the brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

20
Q

What is the role of the pons in control of respiration

A

Pneumotaix and apneustic centres

21
Q

What is the role of the medulla in control of respiration

A

Phasic discharge of action potentials

Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral respiratory group

22
Q

Describe the general pattern generator

A

Located in DRG/VRG

Start, stop and resetting of integrator of background and ventilatory drive

23
Q

What does PRG (pons) do

A

Inhibition

24
Q

What does VRG and DRG do (medulla)

A

Stimulation

25
Q

What is respiratory drive

A

Intensity of output by respiratory centres and determines the effort of respiratory muscles

26
Q

What causes a lack/loss of respiratory drive

A

Type 2 respiratory failure - lack

Loss - e.g. opioids

27
Q

When does alveoli recruitment occur

A

As a consequence of exercise

More capillaries can be recruited - ones which are not opened up can open up during exercise

28
Q

Where is the respiratory control centre located

A

Neurones within the pons and medulla

Respiratory (16 decks)

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