Structure of the heart and surface anatomy of mediastinum Flashcards
what are the parts of the mediastinum?
superior inferior anterior middle posterior
what is found within the superior mediastinum
great vessels of the heart
what is contained within the whole mediastinum?
oesophagus trachea great vessels heart pericardium nerves sympathetic chain lymphatic vessels thoracic duct lymph nodes
mediastinum in the supine position
arch of aorta lies superior to transverse thoracic plane
bifurcation of trachea is transected by the transverse thoracic plane
central tendon of the diaphragm lies at the level of the xiphisternal junction and vertebra T9
mediastinum in the standing position
arch of the aorta is transected by the transverse thoracic plane
tracheal bifurcation lies inferior to the transverse thoracic plane
central tendon of the diaphragm may fall to the level of the middle of the xiphoid process and T9 and T10 intervertebral discs
what could cause widening of the mediastinum?
haemorrhage into the mediastinum from lacerated great vessels
enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes due to malignant lymphoma
hypertrophy of heart due to congestive heart failure
what is the pericardium?
fibroserous membrane covering the heart and parts of great vessels
structure of pericardium
closed sac made of 2 layers:
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium
what are the layers of the serous pericardium?
parietal
visceral
pericardial sinuses
transverse pericardial sinus
oblique pericardial sinus
what makes up the heart wall?
3 layers:
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium - visceral pericardium
apex of the heart
formed by left ventricle
base of the heart
formed by left and right atria
what are the 4 surfaces of the heart?
anterior
diaphragmatic
right pulmonary
left pulmonary
fibrous skeleton of heart
complex framework of dense collagen fibres that form 4 rings around the orifices of the cardiac valves
