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Physiology > MSK 2 > Flashcards

MSK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many organs are there in the body?

A

22

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2
Q

how many types of cells are there?

A

200

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3
Q

How many different types of tissue in the body?

A

4

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4
Q

What are the different types of tissue in the body?

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A 
mechanical support
fibroblasts 
chondrocytes
adipocytes
everywhere in body
most abundant tissue
binds tissues together
acts as a framework
wound repair
initiates inflammatory response
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6
Q

Composition of connective tissue

A 
fixed cells 
free cells 
fibres
extracellular matrix
collagen
elastin
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7
Q

What are the free cells in connective tissue?

A

Immune cells

Inflammatory cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissue?

A

loose and dense connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue

A

regular collagenous
regular elastic
irregular

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10
Q

Regular Dense connective tissue

A

resistance to traction forces

regular orientation of collagen fibres or elastic fibres

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11
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue

A

mechanical support - used in skin

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue

A 
cellular
most common
soft
pliable
retain excess fluid 
used to support the outside of organs 
transport of cells and materials
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13
Q

cartilage

A

specialised form of connective tissue

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14
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

Epithelial cells

A

cover organ surfaces

and in body coverings

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16
Q

functions of epithelial cells

A

protection
absorption
filtration
secretion

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17
Q

classification of epithelial cells

A

number of cells - simple/ stratified

shape - squamous, cuboidal or columnar

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18
Q

Osmolarity

A

Determined by the number of active particles per unit volume

19
Q

High osmolarity

A

high solute concentration

20
Q

osmotic pressure

A

is equal when molecular concentrations are equal

21
Q

pressure exerted by 1 mole of glucose in 1L of water

A

1osm/L

22
Q

Osmolality

A

number of osmoles per Kg of solvent

23
Q

Tonicity

A

after the loss of particles from the administered solution is taken up this is the remaining osmotic pressure of the original solution

24
Q

why is crossing the membrane important?

A

getting into a cell
being absorbed from intestine
crossing BBB
reaching the fetus via placenta

25
Q

Membrane composition

A

phospholipid bilayer
semi-permeable
studded with proteins - partial or full thickness

26
Q

Aquaporins

A

passive water channels
trans-membrane proteins
charged walls - allow H2O through as walls repel charged particles

27
Q

main intracellular cation

A

K+

28
Q

main extracellular cation

A

Na+

29
Q

Pinocytosis

A

infoldings/ invaginations of the membrane from vesicles around particles. The vesicles drift and deposit the particles

30
Q

Hyponatraemia

A

Major transfer of water into cells because of IV fluids given weren’t isotonic - too much glucose is all taken up straight away and not enough sodium in the IV fluids so the cells have a higher osmolarity so water moves into them. Results in swelling of the brain causing death .

31
Q

What fractures can be associated with life threatening blood loss

A

femur and pelvic

32
Q

foot drop

A

damage to common peroneal nerve/ common fibular nerve caused by fracture to fibula head

33
Q

wrist drop

A

damage to radial nerve caused by a mid shaft of humerus fracture

34
Q

Colles fracture

A

fracture of the distal end of the radius and the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

35
Q

Smiths fracture

A

Reverse colles fracture, distal fragment is displaced anteriorly

36
Q

Segond fracture

A

avulsion fracture, when a tendon pulls off a piece of bone

37
Q

Salter harris fractures

A

involves unfused growth plates

38
Q

Weber fractures

A

fractures of the ankle - lateral malleolus

39
Q

open fracture

A

broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

40
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at the site of impact and smaller bone fragments lie between the main fragments

41
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

partial fracture where one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. Only occurs in children as their bones are not fully ossified and so contain more organic material than inorganic

42
Q

Impacted fracture

A

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other .

43
Q

Pott fracture

A

fracture of the distal end of the fibula with serious injury to the distal tibial articulation

Physiology (46 decks)

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