MSK 2 Flashcards
how many organs are there in the body?
22
how many types of cells are there?
200
How many different types of tissue in the body?
4
What are the different types of tissue in the body?
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
Connective tissue
mechanical support fibroblasts chondrocytes adipocytes everywhere in body most abundant tissue binds tissues together acts as a framework wound repair initiates inflammatory response
Composition of connective tissue
fixed cells free cells fibres extracellular matrix collagen elastin
What are the free cells in connective tissue?
Immune cells
Inflammatory cells
What are the 2 types of connective tissue?
loose and dense connective tissue
What are the types of dense connective tissue
regular collagenous
regular elastic
irregular
Regular Dense connective tissue
resistance to traction forces
regular orientation of collagen fibres or elastic fibres
Irregular dense connective tissue
mechanical support - used in skin
Loose connective tissue
cellular most common soft pliable retain excess fluid used to support the outside of organs transport of cells and materials
cartilage
specialised form of connective tissue
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Epithelial cells
cover organ surfaces
and in body coverings
functions of epithelial cells
protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
classification of epithelial cells
number of cells - simple/ stratified
shape - squamous, cuboidal or columnar
Osmolarity
Determined by the number of active particles per unit volume
High osmolarity
high solute concentration
osmotic pressure
is equal when molecular concentrations are equal
pressure exerted by 1 mole of glucose in 1L of water
1osm/L
Osmolality
number of osmoles per Kg of solvent
Tonicity
after the loss of particles from the administered solution is taken up this is the remaining osmotic pressure of the original solution
why is crossing the membrane important?
getting into a cell
being absorbed from intestine
crossing BBB
reaching the fetus via placenta
Membrane composition
phospholipid bilayer
semi-permeable
studded with proteins - partial or full thickness
Aquaporins
passive water channels
trans-membrane proteins
charged walls - allow H2O through as walls repel charged particles
main intracellular cation
K+
main extracellular cation
Na+
Pinocytosis
infoldings/ invaginations of the membrane from vesicles around particles. The vesicles drift and deposit the particles
Hyponatraemia
Major transfer of water into cells because of IV fluids given weren’t isotonic - too much glucose is all taken up straight away and not enough sodium in the IV fluids so the cells have a higher osmolarity so water moves into them. Results in swelling of the brain causing death .
What fractures can be associated with life threatening blood loss
femur and pelvic
foot drop
damage to common peroneal nerve/ common fibular nerve caused by fracture to fibula head
wrist drop
damage to radial nerve caused by a mid shaft of humerus fracture
Colles fracture
fracture of the distal end of the radius and the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
Smiths fracture
Reverse colles fracture, distal fragment is displaced anteriorly
Segond fracture
avulsion fracture, when a tendon pulls off a piece of bone
Salter harris fractures
involves unfused growth plates
Weber fractures
fractures of the ankle - lateral malleolus
open fracture
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at the site of impact and smaller bone fragments lie between the main fragments
Greenstick fracture
partial fracture where one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. Only occurs in children as their bones are not fully ossified and so contain more organic material than inorganic
Impacted fracture
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other .
Pott fracture
fracture of the distal end of the fibula with serious injury to the distal tibial articulation
