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Physiology > Endocrine and reproductive systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

what hormones are released by the hypothalamus?

A 
thyrotropin releasing hormone 
corticotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
prolactin releasing hormone
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2
Q

how are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary connected?

A

blood vessels

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3
Q

how are the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary linked?

A

neurones

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4
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A 
LH
FSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone
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5
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

oxytocin

ADH

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6
Q

testicular function

A

GnRH causes release of LH and FSH
LH causes leydig cells to release testosterone
FSH activates sertoli cells to carry out spermatogenesis, which also requires testosterone to occur
release of testosterone inhibits production of GnRH and FSH

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7
Q

which cells carry out spermatogenesis?

A

sertoli cells

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8
Q

which cells produce testosterone?

A

leydig cells

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9
Q

ovarian function

A

GnRH released causing LH and FSH to be released which act on ovarian follicles and corpus luteum to produce oestrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

how is the male reproductive tract formed?

A

Mullerian/ paramesonephric duct degenerates

Wolffian/ mesonephric duct develops into vas deferns, epididymis and seminal vesicles

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11
Q

how is the female reproductive tract formed?

A

Wolffian/ mesonephric duct degenerates

Mullerian/ paramesonephric duct develops into female fallopian tubes, uterus and upper part of vagina

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12
Q

day 1

A

fertilisation
acrosome reaction
cortical reaction
zona reactions

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13
Q

day 3

A

Morula formation
days 1-3 = cleavage
forming 12-16 cells - blastomeres

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14
Q

what are the cells of the morula called?

A

blastomeres

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15
Q

day 5

A

blastocyst
blastocoel develops
inner cell mass splits into epiblast and hypoblast

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16
Q

day 6/7

A

implantation of blastocyst

trophoblast implantation

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17
Q

day 15

A

gastrulation
invagination of epiblastic cells through primitive streak
bilaminar germ disc becomes trilaminar germ disc
forms mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm

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18
Q

what are the symptoms of pregnancy?

A 
varicose veins
glucose in urine
urinary frequency
urinary infection
breathlessness
breast enlargement
swollen ankles
flushed and hot 
anaemia
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19
Q

what are the main hormones involved in pregnancy?

A 
hCG
progesterone
oestrogen
human placental lactogen
prostaglandins
oxytocin
relaxin
prolactin
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20
Q

what does hCG do?

A

promotes progesterone and oestrogen secretion by corpus luteum until placenta takes over at 10-12 weeks
detected 10 days after fertilisation to give positive pregnancy test result

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21
Q

what does progesterone affect?

A

uterus
homeostasis
breast

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22
Q

how does progesterone affect the uterus?

A

smooth muscle relaxation - preventing fetal expulsion

cervical plug formation which acts as microbial barrier

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23
Q

how does progesterone affect homeostasis?

A

affects the respiratory centre and cause hyperventilation

affects RAAS system - increasing Na+ reabsorption

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24
Q

how does progesterone affect breasts?

A

lobular tissue development

inhibits milk production

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25
Q

what does oestrogen act on in pregnancy?

A

uterus

breast

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26
Q

how does oestrogen affect uterus?

A

myometrial cell growth
connexin insertion - gap junctions between myometrial cells
inserts oxytocin receptors
causes production of PGE2

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27
Q

how does oestrogen affect the breasts?

A

breast duct development

inhibits milk production

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28
Q

what does human placental lactogen affect?

A

mother and fetus

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29
Q

how does human placental lactogen affect mothers?

A

causes insulin resistance to decrease glucose utilisation and increases blood glucose
lipid break down - increased FFA production

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30
Q

how does human placental lactogen affect fetuses?

A

promotes growth as more glucose available from mother

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31
Q

what FFAs?

A

free fatty acids

can move in/ out of cells

32
Q

what prostaglandins are produced in pregnancy?

A

PGE2

PGF2-alpha

33
Q

what does PGE2 do?

A

softens vcervix

34
Q

what does PGF2 alpha do?

A

contracts uterus

35
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

breast tissue development during pregnancy

causes milk production post-delivery, previously inhibited by oestrogen and progesterone

36
Q

what does relaxin do?

A

softens cervix and pelvic ligaments in preparation for labour and delivery

37
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

causes uterine contraction during labour, inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy
causes milk ejection post-delivery

38
Q

what is pre-eclampsia?

A

condition seen after 20 weeks gestation

pregnancy-induced hypertension in associated with proteinuria

39
Q

what is proteinuria?

A

protein in urine

40
Q

what condition should be looked out for when there is hypertension detected during pregnacy?

A

pre-eclampsia

41
Q

what are the maternal risks associated with pre-eclampsia?

A

eclampsia

placental abruption and haemorrhage

42
Q

what are the foetal risks associated with pre-eclampsia?

A

prematurity

intrauterine growth retardation

43
Q

what is intrauterine growth retardation?

A

condition where unborn baby is growing at a slower rate than it should be

44
Q

how to treat pre-eclampsia?

A

labetalol

45
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus form?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

46
Q

what does the foramen ovale form?

A

fossa ovalis

47
Q

what does the ductus venosus form?

A

ligamentum venosum

48
Q

what does the umbilical vein form?

A

ligamentum teres

49
Q

what do the umbilical arteries form?

A

medial umbilical ligaments

50
Q

umbilical blood vessels

A

1 umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries

51
Q

what changes occur at birth?

A 
first breath causes pO2 to rise 
leads to pulmonary vasodilation
right heart pressure falls
foramen ovale closes 
venous blood goes to lungs
causing pO2 to rise
52
Q

what blood group are universal acceptors?

A

AB positive

53
Q

what blood group are universal donors?

A

O negative

54
Q

rhesus disease

A

rhesus immunoglobulin Anti-D given to rhesus negative mothers before and after birth intramuscularly when the fetus is rhesus positive
also given after miscarriage or abortion

55
Q

How does Anti-D work?

A

competitively binds and inactivates rhesus antigens, keeping them undetected by maternal antibodies

56
Q

Thyroid function

A

hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone causing the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone
acts on the thyroid causing it to release T3 and T4

57
Q

what are the thyroid hormones?

A

T3 - triiodothyronine

T4 - thyroxine

58
Q

T3

A

responsible for almost all thyroid activity

half life = 1 day

59
Q

T4

A

largely converted to T3 intracellularly

half life = 7 days

60
Q

what produces T3/T4 ?

A

follicular cells secrete thyroid hormone

61
Q

hypothyroidism

A

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

62
Q

how does hypothyroidism present?

A 
lethargy
fatigue
weight gain
cold intolerance
dry skin/ thinning hair
63
Q

how to investigate hypothyroidism?

A

high levels of TSH
reduced levels of T3/T4
Anti-TPO antibodies

64
Q

how to treat hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine

65
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

grave’s disease

66
Q

how does hyperthyroidism present?

A 
weight loss
heat intolerance
tremor
tachycardia 
diarrhoea 
goiter
exopthalmus
67
Q

what is the normal position of the uterus?

A

anteverted and anteflexed

68
Q

what inhibits uterine contraction caused by oxytocin during pregnancy?

A

progesterone

69
Q

what respiratory complication could occur in a premature newborn?

A

respiratory distress syndrome

70
Q

how can respiratory distress syndrome be prevented?

A

corticosteroid treatment to the mother 24 hours pre-delivery

71
Q

what produces surfactant?

A

type 2 alveolar cells

72
Q

when does surfactant production take place?

A

starts at 24-28 weeks

increases significantly after 34 weeks

73
Q

what stimulates surfactant production?

A

hormones:

  • cortisol
  • thyroxine
  • prolactin
74
Q

which hormone is most important in surfactant production?

A

cortisol

75
Q

how does respiratory distress syndrome appear on an x-ray?

A

lung fields have a hazy appearance

76
Q

how to treat respiratory distress syndrome post-birth

A

post-birth = oxygen, supportive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), administer surfactant

Physiology (46 decks)

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