Lung diseases

Question 1

what is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 1

Obstructive
Inflammation and irritation of bronchi causing mucus build up
shows on chest x-ray

Question 2

causes of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 2

exposure to irritants
smoking
sometimes genetic

Question 3

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

Answer 3

coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
tight chest

Question 4

treatment of chronic bronchitis

Answer 4

oxygen
bronchodilators
lung transplant
quitting smoking

Question 5

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 5

obstructive
airways become widened causing a build up of excess mucus so lungs are more vulnerable to infection
Occurs when tissue and muscles surrounding the bronchi are damaged

Question 6

what causes bronchiectasis?

Answer 6

infection
immunocompromised
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Question 7

symptoms of bronchiectasis

Answer 7

persistent phlegmy cough

breathlessness

Question 8

treatments for bronchiectasis

Answer 8

mucus clearing devices and physio exercises
antibiotics
bronchodilators
nebulisers

Question 9

What is emphysema?

Answer 9

obstructive
alveoli are damaged so they become large air spaces, reducing surface area of the lungs so there is reduced gas exchange so less O2 reaches the blood. Air becomes trapped.

Question 10

what causes emphysema?

Answer 10

smoke
air pollution
chemical fumes
dust 
genetics

Question 11

what are the symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 11

shortness of breath which worsens over time.
collapsed lung
heart problems
bullae - large holes in the lungs

Question 12

how is emphysema diagnosed?

Answer 12

CT
chest x-ray
lung function tests
lab tests

Question 13

treatment for emphysema

Answer 13

bronchodilators
steroids
antibiotics
oxygen
nutrition
rehab
lung volume reduction surgery
transplant

Question 14

what is COPD?

Answer 14

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
slowly progressing disorder characterised by airflow obstruction. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Lungs become inflamed, damaged and narrowed.

Question 15

what causes COPD?

Answer 15

cigarette smoke
genetic - antitrypsin deficiency
poor diet and low birthweight

Question 16

symptoms of COPD

Answer 16

breathlessness
chesty cough with phlegm
chest infections
wheezing

Question 17

what is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 17

the lungs become scarred so expansion is reduced

Question 18

what are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 18

shortness of breath
persistent dry cough
tiredness
loss of appetite
weight loss
clubbing

Question 19

diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 19

lung function tests
blood tests
chest X-ray
CT scan
lung biopsy

Question 20

causes of pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 20

exposure to certain types of dust
viral infections
family history of idopathic pulmonary fibrosis
gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
smoking

Question 21

treatment for pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 21

no cure
self-care - stop smoking, healthy diet and regular exercise
medications to reduce the rate at which scarring progresses
oxygen
exercises to aid breathing - rehab
lung transplant

Question 22

what is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 22

inherited autosomal recessive condition that causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system.

Question 23

symptoms of CF

Answer 23

build up of sticky mucus in lungs causes breathing problems and increased risk of lung infections. Mucus clogs the pancreas, stopping enzymes reaching food in the gut and helping digestion

• malnutrition
• recurring chest infections
• wheezing
• coughing
• SOB
• bronchiectasis
• difficulty putting on weight and growing
• constipation
• jaundice
• diarrhoea
• bowel obstruction - meconium ileus
• CF related diabetes
• osteoporosis
• infertility
• liver problems

Question 24

Diagnosis of CF

Answer 24

newborn blood spot test/ heal prick test
sweat test - measures amount of salt in sweat which is abnormally high in people with CF
genetic test - from blood or saliva

Question 25

treatments for CF

Answer 25

regular appointments
care plan
antibiotics
mucus thinners - hypertonic saline, mannitol dry powder
medicines to reduce mucus levels - ivacaftor and lumacaftor
bronchodilators
steroids 
vaccinations
exercise
physio 
airway clearance 
pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
high calorie diet
supplements
lung transplant

Question 26

what is airway clearance?

Answer 26

active cycle of breathing techniques
autogenic drainage
airway clearance devices - vest etc. uses vibration and air pressure to remove mucus

Question 27

How to treat COPD?

Answer 27

stopping smoking
inhalers - steroids, long and short acting bronchodilators
rehab
surgery
lung transplant