Lung diseases Flashcards
what is chronic bronchitis?
Obstructive
Inflammation and irritation of bronchi causing mucus build up
shows on chest x-ray
causes of chronic bronchitis?
exposure to irritants
smoking
sometimes genetic
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
tight chest
treatment of chronic bronchitis
oxygen
bronchodilators
lung transplant
quitting smoking
What is bronchiectasis?
obstructive
airways become widened causing a build up of excess mucus so lungs are more vulnerable to infection
Occurs when tissue and muscles surrounding the bronchi are damaged
what causes bronchiectasis?
infection
immunocompromised
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
symptoms of bronchiectasis
persistent phlegmy cough
breathlessness
treatments for bronchiectasis
mucus clearing devices and physio exercises
antibiotics
bronchodilators
nebulisers
What is emphysema?
obstructive
alveoli are damaged so they become large air spaces, reducing surface area of the lungs so there is reduced gas exchange so less O2 reaches the blood. Air becomes trapped.
what causes emphysema?
smoke air pollution chemical fumes dust genetics
what are the symptoms of emphysema?
shortness of breath which worsens over time.
collapsed lung
heart problems
bullae - large holes in the lungs
how is emphysema diagnosed?
CT
chest x-ray
lung function tests
lab tests
treatment for emphysema
bronchodilators steroids antibiotics oxygen nutrition rehab lung volume reduction surgery transplant
what is COPD?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
slowly progressing disorder characterised by airflow obstruction. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Lungs become inflamed, damaged and narrowed.
what causes COPD?
cigarette smoke
genetic - antitrypsin deficiency
poor diet and low birthweight
symptoms of COPD
breathlessness
chesty cough with phlegm
chest infections
wheezing
what is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
the lungs become scarred so expansion is reduced
what are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?
shortness of breath persistent dry cough tiredness loss of appetite weight loss clubbing
diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis
lung function tests blood tests chest X-ray CT scan lung biopsy
causes of pulmonary fibrosis
exposure to certain types of dust viral infections family history of idopathic pulmonary fibrosis gastro-oesophageal reflux disease smoking
treatment for pulmonary fibrosis
no cure
self-care - stop smoking, healthy diet and regular exercise
medications to reduce the rate at which scarring progresses
oxygen
exercises to aid breathing - rehab
lung transplant
what is cystic fibrosis?
inherited autosomal recessive condition that causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system.
symptoms of CF
build up of sticky mucus in lungs causes breathing problems and increased risk of lung infections. Mucus clogs the pancreas, stopping enzymes reaching food in the gut and helping digestion
- malnutrition
- recurring chest infections
- wheezing
- coughing
- SOB
- bronchiectasis
- difficulty putting on weight and growing
- constipation
- jaundice
- diarrhoea
- bowel obstruction - meconium ileus
- CF related diabetes
- osteoporosis
- infertility
- liver problems
Diagnosis of CF
newborn blood spot test/ heal prick test
sweat test - measures amount of salt in sweat which is abnormally high in people with CF
genetic test - from blood or saliva
treatments for CF
regular appointments care plan antibiotics mucus thinners - hypertonic saline, mannitol dry powder medicines to reduce mucus levels - ivacaftor and lumacaftor bronchodilators steroids vaccinations exercise physio airway clearance pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy high calorie diet supplements lung transplant
what is airway clearance?
active cycle of breathing techniques
autogenic drainage
airway clearance devices - vest etc. uses vibration and air pressure to remove mucus
How to treat COPD?
stopping smoking inhalers - steroids, long and short acting bronchodilators rehab surgery lung transplant
