Structure of the CNS Flashcards by Tooks yh

What does dorsal refer to?

Dorsal refers to the top and outside part

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What does ventral refer to?

Ventral refers to the lower and inside parts

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What is anterior?

The front

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What is posterior?

Behind

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What is superior?

Above

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What is inferior?

Below

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What is the midline?

Midline is the line at which we’re symmetrical

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What does medial mean?

Means closer to midline

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What does lateral mean?

Means away from the midline

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What does ipsilateral mean?

Its when two thing are located on the same side of the midline

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What does contralateral mean?

Its when two things are located on either side of the midline

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How is efferent and afferent defined?

E.G

A neuron projecting from the thalamus to the cortex is both a thalamic efferent and a cortical afferent

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How many cranial nerves are there?

There are 12 bilateral cranial nerves

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What are cranial nerves?

Are afferent sensory fibres and efferent motor fibres

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How are cranial fibres numbered?

Numbered from anterior to posterior

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Acronym for cranial fibres

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What is cranial nerve I?

Is the olfactory I

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What’s the function of cranial nerve I?

Purely sensory and involved in smell

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How is information from the nose transmitted along cranial nerve I and to where?

Nose has olfactory epithelium which transmits information to the olfactory bulb and this transmits information to:

Olfactory cortex(Conscious perception of smell)
Hippocampus(Odor memory)
Hypothalamus and amygdala(Motivational and emotional aspect of smell)

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What is cranial nerve II?

Optic nerve

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What is the function of cranial nerve II?

Purely sensory

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Where does cranial nerve II take information from and to?

Takes information retinal ganglion cells to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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What is cranial nerve III?

Oculomotor nerve

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What is the function of cranial nerve III and what they involved in?

Motor
-Involved in eyeball and eyelid movement
Parasympathetic
-Concerned with pupillary constriction and accommodation

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What nerve is cranial nerve IV?

Trochlear nerve

What is the function of cranial nerve IV and what is it involved in?

Motor | -Involved in eyeball movement

What is cranial nerve VI?

The abducens nerve

What is the function of cranial nerve VI and what's it involved in?

Motor | -Involved in eyeball movement

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN III?

- Superior rectus - Inferior oblique - Inferior rectus - Medial rectus

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN IV?

-Superior oblique

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN VI?

-Lateral rectus

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN II and for what?

Palpebrae muscles controlled by CNII for eyelid opening

What is cranial nerve V?

Trigeminal nerve

How many divisions does cranial nerve V have and to where and what is there function at those locations?

``` Ophthalmic -Sensory Mandibular -Sensory Maxillary -Sensory ```

What is cranial nerve VII?

Facial nerve

What functions does cranial nerve VII have and what are they involved in?

``` Sensory -Sensation of taste(Anterior 2/3 of tongue) Motor -Muscles of facial expression -Stapedius muscle Parasympathetic -Salivary glands -Lacrimal glands -Glands of the nose and palate ```

What is cranial nerve VIII?

-Vestibulocochlear nerve

What is the function of cranial nerve VIII and what is it involved in?

Sensory | -Mediates hearing and balance

What cells mediate hearing?

Cochlea cells

What cells mediate balance?

Vestibular hair cells

What are the pathway of information for hearing in cranial nerve VIII?

Cochlea cells-->Medial geniculate nucleus-->Auditory complex

What are the pathways of information for balance in cranial nerve VIII?

Vestibular cells-->Ventral posterolateral nucleus-->Vestibular cortex

What is cranial nerve IX?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

What are the functions of cranial nerve IX and what are they involved in?

``` Sensory -Pharynx -Auditory tube -Posterior 1/3 of tongue -Blood pressure changes in aorta Motor -Swallowing Parasympathetic -Salivary glands ```

What is cranial nerve X?

Vagus nerve

What are the functions of cranial nerve X and what are they involved in?

Sensory -Sensation of pain associated with viscera Motor -Muscles for speech and swallowing Parasympathetic -Smooth muscle in heart, lung and abdominal organs

What is cranial nerve XI?

Accessory nerve

What is the function of cranial nerve XI and what is it involved in?

Motor - In cranial - Muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate - In spinal - Head and neck muscles

What is cranial nerve XII?

Hypoglossal nerve

What is the function of cranial nerve XII and what is it involved in?

Motor | -Involved in tongue movement for swallowing and speech

What is meninges?

It is what's between our skull and brain

How many membranes does the meninges have?

3 layers: - Dura mater - Arachnoid membrane - Pla matter

What are the qualities of the dura mater?

- Tough | - Inelastic

What does the arachnoid membrane adhere?

Adheres layers together

What is the pia mater and where does it adhere?

A thin membrane and adheres closely to the brain

What is the subarachnoid fluid filled with?

Filled with CSF

What is the ventricular system?

System by which body produces CSF in the choroid plexus

CSF pathway from cerebellum to blood vessels

- CSF flows from the cerebellum ventricles down to the brainstem and spinal spinal cord - CSF enters subarachnoid space via apertures near the cerebellum - CSF is absorbed by blood vessels in the subarachnoid space

What does the CSF protect?

CSF protects the brain from physical and chemical energy

What does the ventricular system regulate?

Regulates intracranial pressure

Why is the ventricular system essential?

Essential in exchanging nutrients and waste products between blood and CNS

What . supplied blood to the brain?

Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain - The vertebral arteries - The carotid arteries

What forms a structure called the circle of willis?

Branches of arteries form a structure called the circle of willis

What is the circle of willis prone to and due to what?

Prone to blood clot due to turbulence

What is most of the free lateral surface of the cerebellum supplied by?

Supplied by the middle cerebral artery

What is the most of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere supplied by?

Supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

What is the lymphatic system important in?

Important in delivering immune cells

Where is the lymphatic system located in the brain?

Sandwiched in the dura mater