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NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO > Structure of the CNS > Flashcards

Structure of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does dorsal refer to?

A

Dorsal refers to the top and outside part

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2
Q

What does ventral refer to?

A

Ventral refers to the lower and inside parts

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3
Q

What is anterior?

A

The front

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4
Q

What is posterior?

A

Behind

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5
Q

What is superior?

A

Above

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6
Q

What is inferior?

A

Below

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7
Q

What is the midline?

A

Midline is the line at which we’re symmetrical

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8
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Means closer to midline

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9
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Means away from the midline

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10
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

Its when two thing are located on the same side of the midline

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11
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Its when two things are located on either side of the midline

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12
Q

How is efferent and afferent defined?

A

E.G

A neuron projecting from the thalamus to the cortex is both a thalamic efferent and a cortical afferent

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13
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

There are 12 bilateral cranial nerves

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14
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Are afferent sensory fibres and efferent motor fibres

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15
Q

How are cranial fibres numbered?

A

Numbered from anterior to posterior

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16
Q

Acronym for cranial fibres

A

O

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17
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

Is the olfactory I

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18
Q

What’s the function of cranial nerve I?

A

Purely sensory and involved in smell

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19
Q

How is information from the nose transmitted along cranial nerve I and to where?

A

Nose has olfactory epithelium which transmits information to the olfactory bulb and this transmits information to:

  • Olfactory cortex(Conscious perception of smell)
  • Hippocampus(Odor memory)
  • Hypothalamus and amygdala(Motivational and emotional aspect of smell)
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20
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

Optic nerve

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21
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve II?

A

Purely sensory

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22
Q

Where does cranial nerve II take information from and to?

A

Takes information retinal ganglion cells to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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23
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor nerve

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24
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve III and what they involved in?

A

Motor
-Involved in eyeball and eyelid movement
Parasympathetic
-Concerned with pupillary constriction and accommodation

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25
Q

What nerve is cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear nerve

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26
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve IV and what is it involved in?

A

Motor

-Involved in eyeball movement

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27
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

A

The abducens nerve

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28
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve VI and what’s it involved in?

A

Motor

-Involved in eyeball movement

29
Q

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN III?

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior oblique
  • Inferior rectus
  • Medial rectus
30
Q

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN IV?

A

-Superior oblique

31
Q

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN VI?

A

-Lateral rectus

32
Q

What eyeball muscles are controlled by CN II and for what?

A

Palpebrae muscles controlled by CNII for eyelid opening

33
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

34
Q

How many divisions does cranial nerve V have and to where and what is there function at those locations?

A 
Ophthalmic
-Sensory
Mandibular
-Sensory
Maxillary
-Sensory
35
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial nerve

36
Q

What functions does cranial nerve VII have and what are they involved in?

A 
Sensory
-Sensation of taste(Anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Motor
-Muscles of facial expression
-Stapedius muscle
Parasympathetic
-Salivary glands
-Lacrimal glands
-Glands of the nose and palate
37
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

A

-Vestibulocochlear nerve

38
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve VIII and what is it involved in?

A

Sensory

-Mediates hearing and balance

39
Q

What cells mediate hearing?

A

Cochlea cells

40
Q

What cells mediate balance?

A

Vestibular hair cells

41
Q

What are the pathway of information for hearing in cranial nerve VIII?

A

Cochlea cells–>Medial geniculate nucleus–>Auditory complex

42
Q

What are the pathways of information for balance in cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibular cells–>Ventral posterolateral nucleus–>Vestibular cortex

43
Q

What is cranial nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

44
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve IX and what are they involved in?

A 
Sensory
-Pharynx
-Auditory tube
-Posterior 1/3 of tongue
-Blood pressure changes in aorta
Motor
-Swallowing
Parasympathetic
-Salivary glands
45
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus nerve

46
Q

What are the functions of cranial nerve X and what are they involved in?

A

Sensory
-Sensation of pain associated with viscera
Motor
-Muscles for speech and swallowing
Parasympathetic
-Smooth muscle in heart, lung and abdominal organs

47
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

Accessory nerve

48
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve XI and what is it involved in?

A

Motor

  • In cranial
    • Muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate
  • In spinal
    • Head and neck muscles
49
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

50
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve XII and what is it involved in?

A

Motor

-Involved in tongue movement for swallowing and speech

51
Q

What is meninges?

A

It is what’s between our skull and brain

52
Q

How many membranes does the meninges have?

A

3 layers:

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid membrane
  • Pla matter
53
Q

What are the qualities of the dura mater?

A
  • Tough

- Inelastic

54
Q

What does the arachnoid membrane adhere?

A

Adheres layers together

55
Q

What is the pia mater and where does it adhere?

A

A thin membrane and adheres closely to the brain

56
Q

What is the subarachnoid fluid filled with?

A

Filled with CSF

57
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

System by which body produces CSF in the choroid plexus

58
Q

CSF pathway from cerebellum to blood vessels

A
  • CSF flows from the cerebellum ventricles down to the brainstem and spinal spinal cord
  • CSF enters subarachnoid space via apertures near the cerebellum
  • CSF is absorbed by blood vessels in the subarachnoid space
59
Q

What does the CSF protect?

A

CSF protects the brain from physical and chemical energy

60
Q

What does the ventricular system regulate?

A

Regulates intracranial pressure

61
Q

Why is the ventricular system essential?

A

Essential in exchanging nutrients and waste products between blood and CNS

62
Q

What . supplied blood to the brain?

A

Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain

  • The vertebral arteries
  • The carotid arteries
63
Q

What forms a structure called the circle of willis?

A

Branches of arteries form a structure called the circle of willis

64
Q

What is the circle of willis prone to and due to what?

A

Prone to blood clot due to turbulence

65
Q

What is most of the free lateral surface of the cerebellum supplied by?

A

Supplied by the middle cerebral artery

66
Q

What is the most of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere supplied by?

A

Supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

67
Q

What is the lymphatic system important in?

A

Important in delivering immune cells

68
Q

Where is the lymphatic system located in the brain?

A

Sandwiched in the dura mater

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