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NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurology?

A

Neurology is a branch of medicine, diagnosis and treatment of disorders that affect the mind or psyche

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2
Q

What is human behaviour the product of?

A

Human behaviour is the product of brain activity

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3
Q

What is the brain the product of?

A

The brain is the product of genetics and environment

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of affective disorders?

A

Disorders of mood rather than thought/condition

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of depression?

A
  1. Unipolar depression

2. Bipolar depression

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6
Q

What happens in unipolar depression?

A

Mood swings in one direction

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7
Q

What is the most common depressive illness?

A

Unipolar depression

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8
Q

What percentage of cases are reactive(environmentally induced)?

A

75% cases are reactive

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9
Q

What percentage of cases are endogenous(Genetic)?

A

25% cases are endogenous

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10
Q

What happens in bipolar depression?

A

Oscillation between depression and mania

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11
Q

What is mania?

A

Mania is excessive exutenance, enthusiasm, self confidence

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12
Q

When is the onset of bipolar depression usually?

A

Onset usually in adult life

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13
Q

What tendency does bipolar depression have?

A

Strong hereditary tendency

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14
Q

What is a depressive disorder?

A

Is a low state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth

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15
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

Is a severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by factors such as drugs or a general medical condition

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16
Q

What is dysthymic disorder?

A

Is similar to major depressive disorder but less severe and more long lasting

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17
Q

What do doctors use to diagnose patients with depression?

A

Doctors use DSM-IV to diagnose patients with depression

18
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

A
  • Apathy, pessimism, negativity
  • Low self esteem
  • Loss of motivation
19
Q

What are the biological symptoms of depression?

A
  • Reduced activity
  • Loss of libido
  • Sleep disturbance
  • Loss of appetite
20
Q

In what gender is depression more common in?

A

Depression more common in females than males

21
Q

What are the factors to consider in depression?

A
  • Suicide

- Comorbidity

22
Q

What medical conditions usually comorbidity with depression?

A
  • Terminal illness
  • Chronic illness
  • Thyroid dysfunction
  • Parkinson’s
  • Anxiety
23
Q

What causes depression according to the monoamine theory of depression?

A

-Caused by deficit of monoamines in the brain

24
Q

What evidence is there tested on mice for the monoamine theory of depression?

A
  • Mice were injected with reserpine which depletes the brain of NA and 5-HT
  • This induces depression
25
Q

What is evidence against the monoamine theory of depression?

A
  • Most antidepressant drugs take several weeks for therapeutic effect
  • Cocaine blocks amine uptake but has no antidepressant effect
  • Decrease on 5-HT in dipolar is linked to aggression rather than depression
26
Q

What causes depression according to the neuroendocrine theory?

A

-Caused by hypersensitivity of the HPA axis

27
Q

What is the evidence for the neuroendocrine theory?

A
  • There’s hyperactivity of the HPA meaning there’s increased [cortisol]plasma in depressed patients
  • There’s reduced negative feedback from the hippocampus
28
Q

What happens in the brain in a depressed patient according to the neuroendocrine theory?

A

-High activity of amygdala stimulates the HPA increasing release of cortisol
-High activity of the hippocampus will suppress HPA axis activity
~Cortisol acts on cortisol receptors on the hippocampus
to inhibit HPA axis

29
Q

What does hyperactivity of the amygdala or hypoactivity of the hippocampus lead to?

A

Hyperactivity of the amygdala or hypoactivity of the hippocampus effects levels of cortisol which can lead to depression

30
Q

What is glucocorticoid receptor gene expression regulated by and how?

A

Glucocorticoid receptor gene expression is regulated by early experience

  • Tactile stimulation just after birth activates 5-HT pathways to hippocampus
  • 5-HT triggers long lasting increase in expression of glucocorticoid receptor gene
  • This increases glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus
31
Q

What do SSRI’s do to glucocorticoid receptors?

A

SSRI’s increase glucocorticoid receptors in hypothalamus

32
Q

What is depression caused by according to the neuroplasticity and neurogenesis theory?

A

Depression could be caused by neuronal loss or decrease of neurogenesis or decreased activity in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

33
Q

What do antidepressants and ECT do in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex?

A

Antidepressants and ECT promote neurogenesis in these regions

34
Q

What does 5-HT during development?

A

5-HT promotes neurogenesis during development

35
Q

What is ECT and what does it do?

A

ECT is localised electrical stimulation

-There’s evidence of neurogenesis

36
Q

What stage of depression is psychotherapy for and what does it do?

A

Ideal for mild to moderate depression

-Overcomes negative views

37
Q

What do all drugs used to treat depression increase?

A

All drugs used to treat depression increase 5-HT or NA

38
Q

What do tricyclic antidepressant drugs do?

A

These inhibit 5-HT and NA transporters, therefore increase 5-HT and NA levels in cleft

39
Q

What do fluoxetine antidepressant drugs do?

A

These inhibit 5-HT transporter, increasing concentration of 5-HT in cleft

40
Q

What do MAO inhibitors do?

A

MAO inhibitors inhibit MAO, therefore preventing the breakdown of monoamines

41
Q

What does reboxetine do?

A

Inhibits NA selective reuptake

NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO (20 decks)

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