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NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO > Neurons and Glia > Flashcards

Neurons and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

How does brain have to be processed in order to slice it and why?

A
  • Fresh brain hard to cut therefore processed

- Brain has to be processed by preserving them in a paraformaldehyde which hardens the brain and can be sliced

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways the brain can be sliced in?

A
  • Microtome

- Cryostat

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3
Q

What do you do in a microtome?

A

In this you embed the brain with wax in a particular orientation

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4
Q

What do you do in a cryostat?

A
  • In this you freeze the brain in the orientation you want

- You can get really small slices about 2 mm in thickness

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5
Q

What do we need to do in order to see small structures?

A

In order to see small structures, we need to use staining methods

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6
Q

What does nissi stain do?

A

Stains RNA in purple dye

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7
Q

What does the golgi stain use and label?

A

Golgi stain uses silver chromate and labels cell body of some neurons

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8
Q

Why do we express fluorescent proteins and how do we view them?

A

We use fluorescent proteins which we express in cells . in order to see there anatomy and there physiology
-We use fluorescent microscopy where we share a particular frequency of light on the sample

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9
Q

What is clarity and what does this allow?

A

Clarity is where you get rid of the myelin fat making the brain more transparent
-This allows less light to scatter and therefore better images produced

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10
Q

What can green fluorescent protein be expressed in and due to what?

A

GFP can be expressed in biological organisms due to the universal genetic code

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11
Q

What are opsins?

A

Light emitting protein

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12
Q

What are the methods to target opsins to specific cells?

A
  • Viral delivery

- Cre/lox technology

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13
Q

What are the steps involved in viral delivery?

A
  • Carry out the sequencing of the GFP genetic code
  • The GFP genetic code is packaged into a virus
  • -Fluorescent protein DNA code is inserted into viral DNA along with a promoter. The promoter determines which cell type the virus can infect
  • The virus infects neurons, inerting the GFP code into the DNA of the neuron
  • DNA transcription and translation of GRP DNA to produce a fluorescent protein
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14
Q

What is Cre recombinase?

A

Cre recombinase is an enzyme that recognises loxp sites

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15
Q

What are genetic modifications dependent on in cre/lox technology?

A

Different genetic modification takes place dependent upon loxp location/orientation

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16
Q

What genetic modification occurs if 2 loxp sites are facing each other?

A

If 2 loxp sites are facing each other, inversion will occur of the gene

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17
Q

What genetic modification occurs if 2 loxp sites are facing the same way?

A

If 2 loxp sites are facing the same way, this results in deletion of gene between the 2 loxp sites

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18
Q

What genetic modification occurs if 2 loxp sites are on different strands of DNA?

A

If 2 loxp sites are on different strands of DNA, translocation of base sequence will occur

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19
Q

THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON

The neuronal body

A
  • Has a K+-rich cytosol
  • Has the nucleus
    • Performs DNA replication and transcription
  • Has an endoplasmic reticulum
    • RNA translation
  • Golgi apparatus
    • Protein folding
  • Mitochondria
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20
Q

THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON
The neuronal membrane
What proteins are present on the dendrites?

A

Dendritic proteins

-Ligand gated ion channels and G protein coupled receptors mostly expressed on dendrites

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21
Q

THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON
The neuronal membrane
What proteins are present on the axon?

A

Axonal proteins

-Ion pumps and channels mostly expressed on axons

22
Q

THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON
The cytoskeleton
Microtubules

A
  • Relatively large

- Tubulin composition

23
Q

THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON
The cytoskeleton
Microfilaments

A
  • Actin composition

- Smallest fillament

24
Q

THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON
The cytoskeleton
Neurofilaments

A
  • Called intermediate filaments in other cell types
  • Composed of 5 proteins
  • NFL
  • NFM
  • NFH
  • Internexin
  • Peripherin
25
Q

What’s happens at the axon hillock?

A

Axon hillock is where EPSP and IPSP sim and an action potential is fired/inhibited

26
Q

What do axons branch to form?

A

Axons branch to form axon collaterals

27
Q

What are axon terminals made up of?

A 
Synaptic bouton
Terminal bouton
-At the end of an axon
A bouton en passant
-A synapse along the length of an axon
28
Q

Where do microtubules not extend?

A

Microtubules do not extend into the axon

29
Q

Why is there plenty of mitochondria in the axon terminal?

A

Plenty of mitochondria to meet the energy demand due to synaptic transmission

30
Q

What do synaptic vesicles have on their surface and what does this allow when an action potential arrives?

A

Synaptic vesicles have signal proteins on its surface and when an action potential arrives, they fuse with the presynaptic membrane

31
Q

What forms of axonal transport is there?

A
  • Anterograde transport

- Retrograde transport

32
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

-This is transport from the cell down the axon

33
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

-Transport from the bouton back to the soma

34
Q

Does the axon contain any ribosomes and what are materials enclosed in and transported by in the ribosome?

A

Axon contains no ribosomes

-Materials are enclosed in vesicles and transported by kinesin

35
Q

What are the 2 ways we can classify neurons?

A
  • Structure

- Gene expression

36
Q

Classifying neurons
STRUCTURE
Number of neurites(Axons and dendrites)

A
  • Unipolar is where a single neurite is extended from it
  • Bipolar is where there are 2 neurites
  • Multipolar is where there are many neurites
37
Q

Classifying neurons
STRUCTURE
Dendrites

A
  • Type of dendritic tree formation

- Presence of spines

38
Q

Classifying neurons
STRUCTURE
Connection

A
  • Primary sensory neurons

- Motor neurons

39
Q

Classifying neurons
STRUCTURE
Axon length

A

Axon length

40
Q

Classifying neurons

Gene expression

A
  • Type of protein the cells are expressing

- Type of neurotransmitter its releasing

41
Q

What’s difficult about glia?

A

Difficult to measure its responses

42
Q

What are the different types of glia?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
43
Q

What do astrocytes regulate?

A

Regulate contents of the extracellular space

44
Q

What do astrocytes express?

A

Express receptors

45
Q

What do astrocytes release?

A

Release neurotransmitter

46
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Myelinate axons

47
Q

What do microglia act like?

A

Act like phagocytes

48
Q

What do microglia regulate?

A

Regulate apoptosis

49
Q

What do microglia mediate?

A

Mediate neurogenesis

50
Q

What do microglia perform?

A

Perform ‘health checks’ by interacting with dendritic spines

51
Q

What do microglia modulate?

A

Modulates synaptic transmission

52
Q

What are examples of non-neuronal cells?

A
  • Ependymal cells
    • Line the ventricles
  • Vasculare

NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO (20 decks)

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