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NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO > Auditory and vestibular systems > Flashcards

Auditory and vestibular systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are hair bundles made up of?

A

Made of actin(Stereocilia)

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2
Q

Where are hair bundles located?

A

They sit on top of the hair cells

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3
Q

What do hair cells synapse to?

A

Synapses on to the auditory nerve fibre and projects to the brain

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4
Q

What do hair cells over motion of and into what?

A

Convert motion of the stereocilia into release of neurotransmitter

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5
Q

What is the overlying cell matrix in auditory organs?

A

Tectorial membrane in auditory organs

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6
Q

What is the overlying cell matrix in the maculane?

A

Otoconial membrane in maculane

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7
Q

What is the overlying cell matrix in cristae?

A

Cupula in cristae

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8
Q

What can stereocilia be connected via within the bundle?

A

Within the bundle, stereocilia can be converted via a number of links:

  • Lateral links
  • Tip links
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9
Q

What are examples of lateral link connectors?

A
  • Top connectors
  • Shaft connectors
  • Ankle links
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10
Q

What is the job of lateral link connectors?

A

Job is to hold bundles together and to move as a unit

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11
Q

Where are top links found?

A

Found at the top of the cilia

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12
Q

What does tension in the top link cause and allow?

A

Tension in the tip link distorts the tip of the stereocilia mechanically
-This allows channels to open and close with cilia movement. Current flows in proportionality

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13
Q

How do hair cells work?

A
  • Tip links open ion-channels
  • Endolymph is high in K+ and depolarises the cell
  • VGCC open
  • Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter release at the synapse
  • Post synaptic potential in nerve fibre triggers an action potential
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14
Q

What does displacement in cilia cause?

A

Causes a change in membrane potential

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15
Q

What system do most fish and amphibians have along both sides of their body?

A

Most fish and amphibians have a lateral line system along both sides of their body

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16
Q

What do mechanoreceptors provide?

A

Mechanoreceptors provide information about movement through water or the direction and velocity of water flow

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17
Q

What are mechanoreceptors also known as?

A

Also known as neuromasts

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18
Q

Where are superficial neuromasts located?

A

Superficial neuromast are on the surface of the fish

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19
Q

What encases the hair cell bundle and what does it move in response to?

A

A gelatinous cupula encases the hair cell bundle and moves in response to water motion

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20
Q

Where is the auditory system and vestibular system located?

A

Both located in the inner ear

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21
Q

What is the inner ear formed of?

A

The inner ear is formed of:

  • Semicircular canals(Vestibular system)
  • Cochlea(Auditory system)
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22
Q

What is the vestibular system responsible for?

A

Responsible for balance and motion in mammals

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23
Q

What are semicircular canals used to sense?

A

Semicircular canals are used to sense rotation

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24
Q

What does rotation do?

A
  • Rotation causes fluid motion in semicircular canal

- Hair cells at different canals entrances register different directions

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25
Q

What is posterior semicircular canal responsible for?

A

Responsible for roll

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26
Q

What is anterior semicircular canal responsible for?

A

Responsible for pitch

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27
Q

What is Horizontal semicircular canal responsible for?

A

Responsible for Yaw

28
Q

What are the steps involved in the sensation of rotation?

A
  • Cilia are connected to the gelatinous cupula
  • Under motion, fluid in the canals lags due to inertia, pulling the cupula in the opposite direction to the rotation of the head
  • Cilia are displaced, depolarising haircells
29
Q

How are the hair cells arranged in the utricular macula?

A

Hair cells are arranged in an arching manner

30
Q

What does the utricular macula do as we move in a sideways direction?

A

As we move in a sideways direction, they pick up motion

31
Q

How are the hair cells arranged in the saccular macula?

A

Hair cells arranged in up, down, forward and backward direction

32
Q

What can saccular macula detect?

A

Can detect motion up and down as well as forward and backward

33
Q

What are included in the otolith organs?

A
  • Saccule macula

- Utricular macula

34
Q

How do the otolith organs work?

A

The hair cells in the otolith organs are topped by a rigid layer of otoconia crystals
-Under acceleration the crystal layer is displaced, deflecting the cilia

35
Q

What is the auditory system made up of?

A

Ear–>Cochlea–>Cochlear nucleus–>Olivary complex–>Lateral lemniscus–>Inferior colliculus–>Medial geniculate body–>Auditory cortex

36
Q

What is sound?

A

Sound is rapid variation of air pressure

37
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

Is the distance between 2 peaks in the wave

38
Q

What is the wavelength determined by?

A

Determined by the rate at which the compression and rarefaction of a wave occur

39
Q

Equation for wavelength

A

λ=c/f

c=speed of sound(344m/s)
f=frequency

40
Q

What is the human hearing range in uPa?

A

2uPa-200000000uPa

41
Q

What is the decible scale and what is its equation?

A

-Is a log of ratio relative to 2uPa

20log10(amplitude/20)

42
Q

What does the pinna do?

A

Gathers sound from the environment and funnels it to the eardrum

43
Q

What is the pinna made entirely out of?

A

Made entirely from cartilage and covered with skin

44
Q

How does the pinna filter sound?

A
  • Flange adds a high frequency amplification
  • Meatus amplifies low frequencies
  • Chonca amplifies high frequencies
45
Q

What is microtia?

A

It is a developmental problem of the pinna

46
Q

How is mictotia scaled?

A

Severity graded 1-4

47
Q

What is the tympanic membrane also known as?

A

Also known as the eardrum

48
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do?

A

Vibrates in response to sound

49
Q

What is the ossicles?

A

Smallest bone in the human body

50
Q

What are the ossicles made up of and what are they?

A

Made up of 3 bones:

  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
51
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

Connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea

52
Q

What is glue ear?

A

Its where the middle ear fills with fluid which impedes motion of ossicles

53
Q

What does glue ear do?

A

Reduces middle ear gain, raising hearing threshold

54
Q

What are the 3 chambers to the cochlea?

A
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala media
  • Scala tympani
55
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

The cochlea is a fluid filled space canal divided by a flexible membrane

56
Q

What does the basilar membrane do?

A

Basilar membrane filters sound according to frequency

57
Q

Where does the organ of corti sit?

A

Sits on top of the basilar membrane within the scala media

58
Q

What is mounted on the organ of corti?

A

Inner and outer hair cells are mounted on it

59
Q

What does motion of the organ of corti on the membrane cause

A

Motion of the organ of corti on the basilar membrane causes displacement of sterocilia

60
Q

What do inner hair cells do?

A

Inner hair cells do transduction

61
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

Outer hair cells are there to act as an amplifier

62
Q

What does an influx of positive ions do to outer hair cells?

A

Influx of positive ions makes the outer hair cells contract

63
Q

What happens to outer hair cells when ion channels are closed?

A

When ion channels are closed, prestin has a long conformation and the cell expands

64
Q

What happens to outer hair cells when ion channels are opened?

A

When ion channels are open, prestin has a short conformation and the cell contracts

65
Q

How does the cochlear amplifier work?

A

-As the basilar membrane moves upwards, it pushes against the tectorial membrane making the hair cells lean
-This allows an influx of positive ions in the outer hair cell
-An increase in voltage results in:
-Prestin in short conformation state
-Outer hair cell contracts
-This pulls the basilar membrane towards the tectorial
membrane

66
Q

What does the endolymph create?

A

The high K+ concentration of the endolymph of the scala media creates a 2x amplification

67
Q

What would happen if the endolymph were not K+ rich?

A

If the endolymph were not K+ rich, then inner hair cell output would be halved making sound quieter

NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO (20 decks)

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