Language Flashcards
What is language?
Language is a system for representing, communicating information about the world using symbols and rules
What is formal language?
Formal language is finite systems of signs and rules for combination
What are the functional components of language?
1) Articulation
2) Phonology
3) Meaning
4) Syntax
5) Comprehension
What is articulation in the functional components of language?
It is the movement of the tongue, lips and jaw to modify a sound wave
What is phonology?
It is the sound combinations from which the syllables and words of a language are built up
What is meaning?
Meaning is the representation of in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them
What is syntax?
Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrase to create well formed sentences in a language
What is comprehension?
Comprehension is the ability to represent the memory of words or sentences spoken or written by another person
What is articulation and phonology dependent on and what does this correspond?
Dependent on the inferior parts of the motor homonculus
This corresponds the very anterior of Broca’s area
What is meaning highly dependent on and why?
Meaning is highly dependent on the left and right temporal poles
-This is because it is densely interconnected with widespread regions of association cortex
What is the syntax dependent on?
Syntax dependent on the posterior area of the brodmann area 44,45
What is comprehension dependent on?
- Primary auditory complex
- Temporal poles
- Left inferior frontal gyrus
- Arcuate fasciculus
What can a stroke result in?
- Broca’s aphasia
- Wernickes aphasia
- Conduction aphasia
- Adynamic aphasia
What difficulty is there in broca’s aphasia?
Difficulty with articulation and phonology
What happens to speech in broca’s aphasia?
Speech is halted, fragmented and distorted
Where does broca’s aphasia follow damage to?
Follows damage to broca’s area
What is the typical pathology of broca’s aphasia?
- Middle cerebral artery infarction
- Hemorrhagic stroke
What happens to speech in wernickes aphasia?
Speach is fluent with meaningless phonological strings
What does wernickes aphasia follow damage to?
Follows damage to posterior regions of language network
What are the typical pathologies of wernickes aphasia?
- Perpetrator brain injury
- Cerebral hemorrhage
What is the difficulty in conduction aphasia?
-Difficulty with repetition
What are the speech characteristics in conduction aphasia?
- Mild fluency
- Comprehension difficulties
What does conduction aphasia follow damage to?
Follows damage to posterior perisylvian regions and underlying white matter
What are the typical pathologies of conduction aphasia?
The typical pathologies are :
-Lacunar stroke
What difficulty is there in dynamic aphasia?
There’s difficulty in planning, initiating or maintaining speech
What are the speech characteristics in dynamic aphasia?
Speech is:
- reduced
- Fragmentary
- Echoie
What does dynamic aphasia follow damage to?
Follows damage to the anterior left inferior frontal gyrus
What are the typical pathologies of dynamic aphasia?
-Typical pathologies are left anterior cerebral artery infarction
What can happen due to neurodegeneration after brain damage?
- Non-fluent progressive aphasia
- Fluent progressive aphasia
- Logopenic progressive aphasia
What happens speech in non-fluent progressive aphasia?
-Slow, distanced, agrammatic speech production
How does non-fluent progressive aphasia begin with?
Begins with subtle changes
What occurs in spontaneous speech in non-fluent progressive aphasia?
Phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech
What is the typical pathology in non-fluent progressive aphasia?
The typical pathology is primary tauopathy
What happens in fluent progressive aphasia?
-Have normal sounding speech rate and production empty of content
What does fluent progressive aphasia begin with?
Begins with subtle word-finding changes
What is the location of pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?
Location of pathology is anterior temporal region
What is the typical pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?
The typical pathology is:
-TDR43 proteinopathy
What does logopenic progressive aphasia begin with?
Begins with subtle word-finding changes
What is the pathology of logopenic progressive aphasia?
-Pathology is posterior perisylvian
What is the typical pathology in logopenic progressive aphasia?
Alzheimer disease
