Language

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

Language is a system for representing, communicating information about the world using symbols and rules

Question 2

What is formal language?

Answer 2

Formal language is finite systems of signs and rules for combination

Question 3

What are the functional components of language?

Answer 3

1) Articulation
2) Phonology
3) Meaning
4) Syntax
5) Comprehension

Question 4

What is articulation in the functional components of language?

Answer 4

It is the movement of the tongue, lips and jaw to modify a sound wave

Question 5

What is phonology?

Answer 5

It is the sound combinations from which the syllables and words of a language are built up

Question 6

What is meaning?

Answer 6

Meaning is the representation of in long term memory of concepts and the relations between them

Question 7

What is syntax?

Answer 7

Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrase to create well formed sentences in a language

Question 8

What is comprehension?

Answer 8

Comprehension is the ability to represent the memory of words or sentences spoken or written by another person

Question 9

What is articulation and phonology dependent on and what does this correspond?

Answer 9

Dependent on the inferior parts of the motor homonculus

This corresponds the very anterior of Broca’s area

Question 10

What is meaning highly dependent on and why?

Answer 10

Meaning is highly dependent on the left and right temporal poles
-This is because it is densely interconnected with widespread regions of association cortex

Question 11

What is the syntax dependent on?

Answer 11

Syntax dependent on the posterior area of the brodmann area 44,45

Question 12

What is comprehension dependent on?

Answer 12

• Primary auditory complex
• Temporal poles
• Left inferior frontal gyrus
• Arcuate fasciculus

Question 13

What can a stroke result in?

Answer 13

• Broca’s aphasia
• Wernickes aphasia
• Conduction aphasia
• Adynamic aphasia

Question 14

What difficulty is there in broca’s aphasia?

Answer 14

Difficulty with articulation and phonology

Question 15

What happens to speech in broca’s aphasia?

Answer 15

Speech is halted, fragmented and distorted

Question 16

Where does broca’s aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 16

Follows damage to broca’s area

Question 17

What is the typical pathology of broca’s aphasia?

Answer 17

• Middle cerebral artery infarction

- Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 18

What happens to speech in wernickes aphasia?

Answer 18

Speach is fluent with meaningless phonological strings

Question 19

What does wernickes aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 19

Follows damage to posterior regions of language network

Question 20

What are the typical pathologies of wernickes aphasia?

Answer 20

• Perpetrator brain injury

- Cerebral hemorrhage

Question 21

What is the difficulty in conduction aphasia?

Answer 21

-Difficulty with repetition

Question 22

What are the speech characteristics in conduction aphasia?

Answer 22

• Mild fluency

- Comprehension difficulties

Question 23

What does conduction aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 23

Follows damage to posterior perisylvian regions and underlying white matter

Question 24

What are the typical pathologies of conduction aphasia?

Answer 24

The typical pathologies are :

-Lacunar stroke

Question 25

What difficulty is there in dynamic aphasia?

Answer 25

There’s difficulty in planning, initiating or maintaining speech

Question 26

What are the speech characteristics in dynamic aphasia?

Answer 26

Speech is:

• reduced
• Fragmentary
• Echoie

Question 27

What does dynamic aphasia follow damage to?

Answer 27

Follows damage to the anterior left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 28

What are the typical pathologies of dynamic aphasia?

Answer 28

-Typical pathologies are left anterior cerebral artery infarction

Question 29

What can happen due to neurodegeneration after brain damage?

Answer 29

• Non-fluent progressive aphasia
• Fluent progressive aphasia
• Logopenic progressive aphasia

Question 30

What happens speech in non-fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 30

-Slow, distanced, agrammatic speech production

Question 31

How does non-fluent progressive aphasia begin with?

Answer 31

Begins with subtle changes

Question 32

What occurs in spontaneous speech in non-fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 32

Phonological and grammatical errors in spontaneous speech

Question 33

What is the typical pathology in non-fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 33

The typical pathology is primary tauopathy

Question 34

What happens in fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 34

-Have normal sounding speech rate and production empty of content

Question 35

What does fluent progressive aphasia begin with?

Answer 35

Begins with subtle word-finding changes

Question 36

What is the location of pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 36

Location of pathology is anterior temporal region

Question 37

What is the typical pathology in fluent progressive aphasia?

Answer 37

The typical pathology is:

-TDR43 proteinopathy

Question 38

What does logopenic progressive aphasia begin with?

Answer 38

Begins with subtle word-finding changes

Question 39

What is the pathology of logopenic progressive aphasia?

Answer 39

-Pathology is posterior perisylvian

Question 40

What is the typical pathology in logopenic progressive aphasia?

Answer 40

Alzheimer disease