Anxiety

Question 1

What are the psychological symptoms of anxiety?

Answer 1

• Stress
• Worry
• Suspense

Question 2

What are the physiological symptoms of anxiety?

Answer 2

• Tachycardia
• Hyperventilaiton
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Flush red
• Sweat
• Nausea

Question 3

What are the causes of anxiety?

Answer 3

• Past/childhood experiences
• Everyday life and habits
• Diet
• Drugs and medication
• Physical or mental health

Question 4

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

Answer 4

• Generalised anxiety disorder
• Specific phobias
• Social phobias
• OCD
• PTSD
• Panic disorder

Question 5

What is a panic disorder?

Answer 5

Is when an individual suffers from panic attacks with no apparent trigger

Question 6

What is the amygdala important in mediating?

Answer 6

Amygdala important in mediating anxiety

Question 7

What are the steps involved when a stimulus of . fear/anxiety is detected?

Answer 7

• Stimulus of fear/anxiety sent to amygdala
• Then the information is transmitted to the bed nucleus of the tria terminals
• Then the information is transmitted to the HPA axis
• HPA axis releases CRH which induces release of ACTH, which induces the release of cortisol

Question 8

What happens to the hippocampal region to people with PTSD?

Answer 8

People with PTSD have damage to hippocampal region due to soo much cortisol binding to hippocampus

Question 9

What are the treatments for anxiety?

Answer 9

• Benzodiazepines
• 5-HT1A receptor agonists
• Beta adrenoreceptor antagonists
• Antihistamines

Question 10

What are benzodiazepines?

Answer 10

These are positive allosteric modulators

Question 11

What happens when benzodiazepine binds to GABAA receptors?

Answer 11

1. Benzodiazepines bind at the alpha and gamma interface of the GABAA receptor
2. Benzodiazepines stabilize GABA binding site increasing GABA affinity

Question 12

What does GABA only bind to?

Answer 12

They don’t bind to all GABAA receptors

-Only to receptors containing alpha1,2,3 or 5

Question 13

What is flumazenil and when is it used?

Answer 13

Flumazenil is a competitive antagonist at the BZD binding site and is used in an overdose

Question 14

Upon what basis is a benzodiazepine choice made?

Answer 14

Benzodiazepine choice is made based upon the duration of action

Question 15

What are short action agents of BZD preferred as?

Answer 15

Preferred as hypnotics to avoid sedative actions throughout the day

Question 16

What can a ‘cold turkey’ of BZD do?

Answer 16

Cold turkey can produce severe seizures

Question 17

Where are 5-HT1A receptors located?

Answer 17

Located presynaptically

Question 18

What do 5-HT1A agonists do?

Answer 18

They decrease serotonin levels

Question 19

What is buspirone?

Answer 19

Buspirone is the most commonly prescribed 5-HT1A agonist for generalised anxiety disorder

Question 20

What is there a low risk of by 5-HT1A agonists?

Answer 20

Low risk of tolerance induction

Question 21

What happens when buspirone is taken?

Answer 21

• 5HT1A receptors are overactivated resulting in too much inhibition
• The body then downregulates these receptors to decrease inhibition
• Therefore the overall effect is enhanced release of serotonin

Question 22

What happens when SSRI’s are taken?

Answer 22

• Both 5-HT1A and 5-HT receptors are overactivated

- Body then downregulates . 5-HT1A and 5-HT receptors

Question 23

Example of beta adrenoreceptor agonist?

Answer 23

Propranolol

Question 24

What is propranolol used to treat?

Answer 24

Used to treat peripheral symptoms of anxiety

Question 25

What is histamine responsible for?

Answer 25

Histamine is responsible for consciousness and inflammatory response