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NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is EEG used to measure?

A

Used to measure brain activity

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2
Q

Where are EEG discs placed and to measure what?

A

They’re placed directly on scalp and measure changes in activity of the cells of the brain

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3
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

EEG measures the combined activity of a large number of similarly oriented neurons

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4
Q

What does an EEG require?

A

An EEG requires synchronous activity across groups of cells

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5
Q

What does the amplitude of an EEG signal depend on?

A

Amplitude of an EEG signal depends upon how synchronous the activity of the neuron is

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6
Q

How is a large surface signal generated in an EEG?

A

When a group of ells are excited, the tiny cells sum to generate a large surface signal

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7
Q

Why is timing important in an EEG?

A

Timing is everything because the same amount of excitation can occur, but at irregular intervals resulting in a small summed signal

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8
Q

What do EEG rhythms correlate with?

A

EEG rhythms correlate with states of behaviors

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9
Q

What are EEG rhythms categorised by?

A

EEG rhythms are categorised by their frequency range:

  • Awake with mental activity(Beta 14-30Hz)
  • Awake and resting(Alpha 8-13Hz)
  • Sleeping(Theta 4-7Hz)
  • Deep sleep(Delta <3.5Hz)
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10
Q

What are the 2 theories of the generation of rhythms?

A
  • Pacemaker

- Mutual excitation/inhibition

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11
Q

What is the hypothesis for slow frequency, high amplitude rhythms during sleep?

A

The thalamus acts as a gatekeeper for information transmission

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12
Q

What is the hypothesis for fast frequency, low amplitude rhythms during wakefulness?

A

The brain is attention grabbing to bind together regions needed for task execution

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13
Q

What is sleep?

A

Sleep is a reversible state of reduced responsiveness to and interaction with the environment

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14
Q

What are the functional states of the brain?

A
  • Awake state
  • Non-REM sleep
  • REM sleep
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15
Q

What is the EEG like in an awake state?

A
  • Low amplitude

- High frequency

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16
Q

What is the sensation like in the awake state?

A
  • Vivid

- Externally generated

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17
Q

What is movement like in the awake state?

A
  • Continuous

- Voluntary

18
Q

What is REM like in the awake state?

A

Often

19
Q

What is the EEG like in non-REM sleep?

A
  • High amplitude

- Low frequency

20
Q

What is the sensation like in non-REM sleep?

A
  • Dull

- Absent

21
Q

What is the thought process like in non-REM sleep?

A
  • Logical

- Repetitive

22
Q

What is movement like in non-REM sleep?

A
  • Occasional

- Involuntary

23
Q

What is REM like in non-ERM sleep?

A

Rare

24
Q

What are the conditions like in non-REM sleep?

A
  • Decrease in temperature
  • Decrease in heart rate
  • Decrease in breathing
  • Decrease in brain energy consumption
25
Q

What is the EEG like in REM sleep?

A
  • Low amplitude

- High frequency

26
Q

What is the sensation like in REM sleep?

A
  • Vivid

- Internally generated

27
Q

What is the thought process like in REM sleep?

A
  • Vivid
  • Illogical
  • Bizarre
28
Q

What is movement like in REM sleep?

A

Muscle paralysis

-Brain command movement but not carried out

29
Q

What is REM like in REM sleep?

A

Often

30
Q

What does each night begin with in the sleep cycle?

A

-Each night begins with a period of non-REM sleep

31
Q

What are the neural mechanisms in wakefulness?

A

-Large amount of brainstem activity
-Have many neurotransmitters
-These increase excitatory activity to decrease
synchronous firing

32
Q

What are the neural mechanisms in falling asleep?

A
  • Reduction in brainstem activity

- Thalamus is the conductor of theta and delta waves

33
Q

What are examples of sleep promoting factors?

A
  • Adenosine
  • Nitric oxide
  • Inflammatory factors
  • Melatonin
34
Q

What happens to adenosine levels at the end of the day?

A

Adenosine levels increase at the end of the day

35
Q

What decreases when adenosine receptors are activated?

A

Adenosine receptor activation decrease heart rate, respiratory rate and smooth muscle tone

36
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A
  • Reduces small muscle tone

- Stimulates adenosine release

37
Q

What is the circadian rhythm?

A

Is the biological clocks

38
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

Zeitgebers are environmental time cues

  • Temperature
  • Noises
39
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

A

Located between the optic chiasm at the base of the hypothalamus

40
Q

What is the SCN important in providing?

A

Important in providing us with our sleep wake circadian rhythm

41
Q

Why is the SCN needed?

A

SCN needed to regulate sleep in the absence of zeitgebers

42
Q

Steps involved in the activation of melanopsin receptors?

A
  1. Activation of melanopsin receptors in the eye transmit this activation to the SCN
  2. The SCN inhibits the pineal gland
    - Pineal gland is important in the production of melatonin

NEEUUUUUURRRRRRROOOOO (20 decks)

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