Structure and Replication of DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

State the name for a DNA subunit

A

DNA nucleotide

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2
Q

Name the basic components of a
DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and
a base

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3
Q

Which bases are found in a
molecule of DNA?

A

ATGC

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4
Q

How are nucleotides in a DNA
strand held together?

A

By hydrogen bonds between
complementary bases

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5
Q

Describe complimentary base pairing
in DNA

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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6
Q

Describe how the two DNA strands
are held together

A

By hydrogen bonds between
complementary bases

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7
Q

How can the two strands in DNA be
described in terms of their structure?

A

Antiparallel structures twist to
form a double helix

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8
Q

Name the nucleotide structure found
at the 3’ end of a DNA strand

A

Deoxyribose sugar

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9
Q

Name the nucleotide structure
found at the 5’ end of a DNA strand

A

Phosphate

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10
Q

Prior to cell division, what
happens?

A

DNA is replicated

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11
Q

What must be done to a molecule of
DNA to allow DNA replication to
begin?

A

DNA is unwound and hydrogen
bonds break to form two template
strands

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12
Q

Name the enzyme involved in
adding nucleotides to the new DNA
strand during replication

A

DNA polymerase

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13
Q

How does DNA polymerase add
nucleotides to a new DNA strand
forming?

A

To the 3’ (deoxyribose) end of
the new strand forming

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14
Q

Which additional structures are
required for DNA polymerase to
begin DNA replication?

A

Primers

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15
Q

Describe how the leading DNA strand
is replicated

A

continuously

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16
Q

What is the name given to the DNA
strand that is replicated in
fragments?

A

The Lagging strand

17
Q

How are the fragments in the lagging
strand of DNA joined together?

A

By the enzyme DNA ligase

18
Q

Name the technique used to
amplify DNA

A

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR)

19
Q

What are primers in PCR?

A

Short strands of nucleotides which
are complementary to specific
target sequences

20
Q

What is the function of a primer in
PCR?

A

Bind to specific target sequences at
the two ends of the DNA to be
amplified

21
Q

DNA is heated to this temperature
to separate the strands

A

92-98 °C

22
Q

Why is DNA cooled to between
50°C and 65°C during PCR?

A

To allow primers to bind to target
sequences

23
Q

Why is the DNA heated to between
70°C and 80°C after the primers
bind in PCR?

A

For heat tolerant DNA
polymerase to replicate the
region of DNA

24
Q

Give examples of why PCR would be
used to amplify samples of DNA

A

To help solve crimes, paternity
suits and diagnose genetic
disorders