Pathology of Cardiovascular diseases

Question 1

What is atherosclerosis the accumulation of

Answer 1

fatty material
fibrous material
calcium

Question 2

What does the build up of material form

Answer 2

atheroma beneath endothelium

Question 3

What happens to an artery as an atheroma grows

Answer 3

artery grows and thickens
artery loses elasticity
diameter of lumen decreases
blood pressure increases

Question 4

What CVD can artherosclerosis cause

Answer 4

peripheral vascular disease
angina
stroke
heart attack

Question 5

Define a thrombosis

Answer 5

The formation of a clot

Question 6

What is the active form of prothrombin

Answer 6

thrombin

Question 7

What does thrombin do

Answer 7

causes fibrinogen to form threads of fibrin

Question 8

what does fibrin do

Answer 8

clots blood
seals wound
provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue

Question 9

What happens when a thrombus breaks loose?

Answer 9

forms embolus which can clot a blood vessel

Question 10

What happens if a thrombus reaches a coronary artery

Answer 10

lead to a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (heart attack)

Question 11

What happens when blood vessels are blocked

Answer 11

tissues not supplied with blood then they die

Question 12

What is peripheral vascular disease

Answer 12

narrowing of arteries due to artherosclerosis

Blood flow to legs is reduced
pain

Question 13

What is deep vein thrombosis

Answer 13

blood clot that forms in deep vein in leg
-can break off and result in a pulmonary embolism causing chest pain, difficulty in breathing and sudden death

Question 14

What is a pulmonary embolism

Answer 14

blockage of the pulmonary artery

Question 15

What is cholesterol

Answer 15

type of lipid that is an essential component of cell membranes

used to make sex hormones t, o, p

Question 16

Where is cholesterol synthesised

Answer 16

by all cells

Question 17

What percentage of cholesterol production occurs in the liver

Answer 17

25

Question 18

Where is cholesterol obtained from

Answer 18

fat in the diet

Question 19

Is cholesterol soluble in water?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

How is cholesterol transported around the body?

Answer 20

Through Lipo proteins

HDL LDP

Question 21

Describe the function of LDL

Answer 21

LDL transports cholesterol to body cells.

Most cells have LDL receptors
that take LDL into the cell where it
releases cholesterol

Question 22

Describe what happens when a CELL
has sufficient cholesterol

Answer 22

A negative feedback system inhibits the
synthesis of new LDL receptors
-LDL circulating in the blood
-deposit cholesterol in the arteries,
-forming atheromas

Question 23

State the function of HDL

Answer 23

HDL transports excess cholesterol
from the body cells to the liver for
elimination

Question 24

State the effect of a higher ratio of HDL to LDL

Answer 24

A lower blood cholesterol and a reduced chance of atherosclerosis

Question 25

State the effect physical activity has on HDL levels

Answer 25

HDL levels tend to be raised

Question 26

State how levels of cholesterol in the blood can be reduced by diet

Answer 26

Reduce total fat intake replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats

Question 27

Explain how statins reduce blood cholesterol

Answer 27

Statins reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells