Specific Defenses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are antigens made of?

A

Protein

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1
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on the surface of cells that
trigger a specific immune response

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2
Q

What are lymphocytes?
andwhat do they do?

A

The white blood cells involved in the specific immune response.

They respond to specific antigens on invading pathogens

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3
Q

Name the white blood cells that
respond to specific antigens on
invading pathogens

A

Lymphocytes

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4
Q

Describe the membrane receptors
found on lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes have a single type of
membrane receptor, specific for one
antigen

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5
Q

Describe what happens when a lymphocyte receptor binds to an antigen

A

Repeated lymphocyte division occurs, resulting in a clonal population of identical lymphocytes

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6
Q

Name the two types of
lymphocytes

A

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

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7
Q

State the role of B-lymphocytes

A

They produce specific antibodies

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8
Q

Explain how the structure of anti
bodies helps fight infection

A

Antibodies have receptor binding sites
which are specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen

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9
Q

What are antibodies made of?

A

Protein

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10
Q

Describe what happens when
antibodies bind to antigens

A

The pathogen is inactivated and the
resulting antigen-antibody complex can
then be destroyed by phagocytes

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11
Q

Describe how an allergic reaction
can occur

A

B-lymphocytes display a hypersensitive
response to a harmless antigen
(e.g. pollen)

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12
Q

State the role of T-lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes destroy infected body
cells by recognising antigens of the
pathogen on the surface of the cell
membrane and inducing apoptosis

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13
Q

Define the term apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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14
Q

Describe how apoptosis is brought
about by T-lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes attach to infected cells
and release proteins that diffuse into the
infected cells leading to the release of
self-destructive enzymes which cause cell
death

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15
Q

How are the remains of apoptosis
removed?

A

Phagocytosis

16
Q

How do T-lymphocytes know which

cells to destroy?

A

T-lymphocytes can normally distinguish between self-antigens on the body’s own cells and non-self-antigens on infected cells

17
Q
A