Gene Expression Flashcards
Name the 2 stages involved in gene
expression of DNA sequences
Transcription and Translation
How many strands make up RNA?
1
Describe the complementary base
pairing in RNA
Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Adenine pairs with Uracil
Name the components that make up
an RNA nucleotide
Ribose sugar, phosphate and a base
Name the 3 types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
The name given to three bases on a
DNA molecule
Triplet
The function of mRNA
Carries a copy of DNA from the
nucleus to the ribosome
Which molecule carries a
specific amino acid to the ribosome?
tRNA
The name for a triplet of bases on
an mRNA molecule that codes for a
specific amino acid
codon
What causes tRNA to fold?
complimentary base pairing
Name the 2 areas on a tRNA
molecule
Anticodon and an attachment site
for an amino acid
Name for a triplet of bases on
tRNA
anticodon
Name the 2 structures that form
the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein
Describe the function of RNA
polymerase
Unwinds DNA double helix and
breaks hydrogen bonds between
base pairs to separate strands
What forms when complementary
base pairing occurs between free
RNA nucleotides and the open
template strand?
Primary Transcript
The name for non-coding regions on a
primary transcript of mRNA
introns
The name for coding regions on a
primary transcript of mRNA
exons
What process leads to the
formation of a mature transcript?
RNA splicing
Describe what occurs during RNA
splicing
Introns are removed and exons
are joined together
Where does translation begin and
end?
at start and stop codons
How do anticodons on tRNA bond to
codons on mRNA?
complimentary base pairing
The purpose of translation
To convert the DNA genetic code
into a sequence of amino acids
forming a polypeptide
The bonds that join amino acids
together
peptide
Structure formed when amino acids
are joined by peptide bonds
polypeptide
What happens to the tRNA as a
polypeptide is formed?
It leaves the ribosome to pick up
another amino acid
How can different proteins be
expressed from one gene?
Alternative RNA splicing
How can different mature mRNA
transcripts be produced from the
same primary transcript?
Different exons are retained
How is the 3D shape of a protein
formed?
Polypeptide chains formed during
translation fold
How are proteins held together?
Hydrogen bonds and individual
interactions between individual
amino acids
What does the shape of a
protein determine?
the function
How is phenotype determined?
By proteins produced through gene
expression
Requirements of PCR
Original DNA sample
Primers
DNA polymerase
nucleotides
Requirements of DNA replication
Original DNA template
nucleotides
enzymes (DNA Polymerase and DNA Ligase)
ATP
Primers
What is Transcription?
when mRNA is converted from DNA creating a primary transcript in the nucleus
What is translation
When mRNA information is converted into a polypeptide at the ribosomes
