Cells of the Nervous System and Neurotransmitters at Synapses Flashcards

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1
Q

Name three structural components
of a neurone

A

Dendrites, cell body and axon

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2
Q

State the function of the
dendrite

A

Receive electrical impulses, either excitatory or inhibitory

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3
Q

State the function of the cell
body

A

The cell body contains the nucleus
and connects the dendrites and the
axon

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4
Q

State the function of the
axon

A

An axon carries electrical impulses
away from a cell body towards another dendrite/muscle fiber

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5
Q

State the pathway of an
electrical impulse through a neuron

A

Dendrite cell body axon

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6
Q

Name the structure surrounding an
axon and explain its function

A

A myelin sheath insulates the axon and
increases the speed of impulse conduction

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7
Q

Give the name of the cells that
produce the myelin sheath and
support neurons

A

Glial cells

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8
Q

At what stage does myelination occur in the body?

A

From birth to adolescence

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9
Q

Explain why responses in the first two years of life are not as rapid or coordinated as those of an older child or
adult

A

Myelination is incomplete, reducing the
speed of impulse conduction

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10
Q

Suggest an effect of diseases
that destroy the myelin sheath

A

The individual may experience a loss
of co-ordination

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11
Q

State the name given to the area
where neurons connect with other
neurones or muscle fibres

A

The synapse/synaptic cleft

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12
Q

Name the chemicals that cross
synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

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13
Q

State the function of
neurotransmitters

A

They relay impulses across the synapse

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14
Q

Describe the role of neurotransmitters on the arrival of an impulse

A

They are released from vesicles into the
a synaptic cleft on the arrival of an impulse

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15
Q

By which process do
neurotransmitters cross a
synapse?

A

diffusion

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16
Q

State what happens to
neurotransmitters after
crossing a synapse

A

They bind to receptors on the membrane
of post-synaptic neurons or muscle fibres

17
Q

State how neurotransmitters are
removed from a synapse

A

By enzymes or re-uptake

18
Q

Explain why neurotransmitters
are removed from a synapse

A

Prevent repeated stimulation of a
neuron

19
Q

Name the cell structures that
determine whether a signal is
excitatory or inhibitory

A

Receptors

20
Q

Describe how synapses can filter out
weak stimuli arising from insufficient
secretion of neurotransmitters

A

A minimum number of neurotransmitter molecules must attach to receptors

reach the threshold on the postsynaptic membrane

transmit the impulse.

21
Q

Suggest how weak stimuli may
release enough neurotransmitter
to trigger an impulse

A

The summation of a series of weak
stimuli may release enough neurotransmitter to reach the threshold

22
Q

State the neural pathway which
typically utilises summation

A

Converging

23
Q

Name the neurotransmitters that
stimulate neurones involved in
reducing the intensity of pain

A

Endorphins

24
Q

Describe how endorphin production
changes in response to severe
injury, prolonged and continuous exercise,
stress and certain foods such as chocolate

A

Increases

25
Q

Give examples of activities, linked to the feeling of pleasure, that may account for increased levels of endorphin

A

Eating, sex and prolonged exercise

26
Q

Name the neurotransmitter that induces feelings of pleasure and reinforces particular behaviours by activating the reward pathway in the
brain

A

dopamine

27
Q

Give an example of a beneficial
behaviour which can activate the
reward pathway

A

Eating

28
Q

Name the two types of drugs used
to treat neurotransmitter-related
disorders

A

Agonists and antagonists

29
Q

Describe the function of an agonist

A

Bind to and stimulate specific receptors, mimicking the action of a neurotransmitter at a synapse

30
Q

Describe the function of an
antagonist

A

Bind to and block specific receptors
therefore blocking the action of a
neurotransmitter at a synapse

31
Q

Describe how drugs other than agonists or antagonists affect neurotransmitters at the synapse

A

inhibit enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters

ihibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter at the synapse,
- causing enhanced effect

32
Q

State 4 ways recreational drugs can
affect an individual

A

Mood, cognition, perception or behaviour

33
Q

State which neurotransmitter
pathway in the brain is often
affected by recreational drugs

A

Reward pathway

34
Q

State how drug addiction is caused

A

Repeated use of drugs acting as antagonists,
block specific receptors causing the nervous
system to increase both the number and
sensitivity of the receptors

35
Q

Explain why sensitisation of
receptors leads to addiction

A

Individual craves more drugs to bind to
the receptors

36
Q

State how drug tolerance is caused

A

Repeated use of drugs that act as agonists stimulate specific receptors causing the nervous system to decrease both the number and sensitivity
of these receptors

37
Q

Explain why desensitisation of
receptors leads to drug tolerance

A

An individual must take more drug to get
an effect