Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Respiration consists of these three
stages
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Location of glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Location of the citric acid cycle
The matrix of the mitochondrion
Location of the electron transport
chain
The inner membrane of the
mitochondrion
Examples of cellular processes that
require energy
Protein synthesis,
muscle contraction,
mitosis,
transmission of nerve impulses
anabolic reactions,
active transport,
Describe what occurs during
glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose to 2
molecules of pyruvate
Name the two phases of glycolysis
Energy investment phase and
energy pay-off phase
Why is ATP required during the
energy investment phase?
For the phosphorylation of
glucose and intermediates
What is meant by the term
phosphorylation?
Where P(i) (phosphate) is removed
from ATP and added to another
substance (e.g. ADP)
Describe what occurs during the energy pay-off phase
The generation of more ATP during
the energy pay-off stage, resulting in a net (overall) gain of ATP
What is meant by the ‘net gain’ of
ATP during glycolysis?
2 ATP are used, however, 4 ATP
are produced—overall 2 ATP are
produced
Name the type of enzymes that
remove hydrogen ions and electrons
Dehydrogenase enzymes
What happens to hydrogen ions and
electrons when they have been
removed by dehydrogenase enzymes
during glycolysis?
They are passed to coenzyme
NAD to form NADH
What happens to the hydrogen ions
and electrons from NADH?
They are passed to the electron
transport chain
What gas is required for aerobic
respiration to occur?
Oxygen
What is pyruvate broken down to
during aerobic respiration?
An acetyl group
During aerobic respiration, what
does the acetyl group combine with?
Coenzyme A
Name the product formed when the
acetyl group joins with coenzyme A
Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
What happens to acetyl CoA during
the citric acid cycle?
It combines with citrateto form oxaloacetate
Name the 3 substances produced
when citrate breaks down to form
oxaloacetate
CO2, ATP, and NADH
Name the substances that control
the reactions in the citric acid
cycle?
Enzymes
What is the electron transport
chain?
A series of carrier proteins
attached to the inner mitochondrial
membrane
What happens when electrons are
passed along the electron transport
chain?
They release energy
The energy produced during the electron transport chain allows for…?
Hydrogen ions to be pumped across
the inner mitochondrial membrane
Name the membrane protein which
brings about ATP production in the
electron transport chain
ATP synthase
Name the final hydrogen acceptor in
aerobic respiration
Oxygen
What happens to the hydrogen ions
and electrons when they combine
with oxygen during respiration?
They form water
Deficiency of this element occurs
during vigorous exercise
Oxygen
In the absence of oxygen, what does
pyruvate convert to in muscle cells?
Lactate
How is lactate produced in
muscle cells?
The hydrogen from the NADH
(produced during glycolysis) is
transferred to pyruvate
