Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards
Identify the main parts of a cell
nucleus ribosomes golgi apparatus mitochondria lysosomes centrioles rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is the nucleus?
the control centre of the cell that contains the DNA
What is the role of centrioles?
They play an important part in spindle formation during cell division, making mitotic spindle that connects to chromosomes to give new cells the correct amount of DNA
What is the role of mitochondria?
it’s where aerobic cellular respiration takes place
What’s the role of ribosomes?
they make proteins
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
it’s a temporary storage area for proteins, before passing them out to the golgi apparatus in vacuoles
What is the role of golgi apparatus?
it packages proteins to deliver to other organelles and it produces lysosomes
What’s the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
it aids the metabolism of fats
What is the role of lysosomes?
they contain powerful enzymes that digest and destroy old or damaged organelles, and bacteria
Name the 4 different types of tissue?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
Name the 4 different types of simple epithelial tissue
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
ciliated
Describe the structure of squamous cells
very flat (squashed) with a nucleus forming a lump in the centre
Where can you find squamous cells?
lung alveoli
blood capillaries
What’s the function of squamous cells?
allow materials to pass through via diffusion and osmosis
Describe the structure of cuboidal cells
cube shaped with a spherical nuclei
Where can you find cuboidal cells?
kidney tubules
sweat ducts
thyroid gland
breast tissue
What’s the function of cuboidal tissue?
they line ducts and tissues allowing material to pass through. In glandular tissues they make secretions
Describe the structure of columnar cells
Tall (rectangular) with a slightly oval nuclei
Where can you find colomnar cells?
villi of small intestine
female reproductive system
What’s the function of columnar cells?
they’re involved in movement
e.g. moving the ovum towards the uterus
Describe the structure of ciliated cells
they’re a type of columnar cell with microscopic filaments called cilia on
Where can you find ciliated cells?
lining of the trachea and bronchi
villi in the small intestine
What’s the role of ciliated cells?
the cilia move in wave like motions moving things along it.
e.g. in the ailmentary tracts they transport the flow of dirty mucus to the exterior
What are compound epithelial cells?
layers of simple epithelial cells
they cna be squamous, cuboidal or columnar
Where can you find compound epithelial cells?
vagina, mouth, tongue, oesophagus
What’s the function of compound epithelial cells?
protect deeper structures with multiple layers of cells
to hamper the passage of materials
What makes a cell keratinised?
they’re filled with a protein called keratin
What’s the role of keratinised cells?
they help prevent micro-organisms invade deeper structures and waterproof the skin
Name the 5 types of connective tissue
Dense (cartilage) Blood Bone Areola Adipose
Name the 4 components of blod
white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets
plasma
Describe the function of plasma
it carries gasses, nutrients, enzymes and hormones
describe the function of red blood cells
transport oxygen to muscles and carbon dioxide back to lungs
What is the technical term for red blood cells?
erythrocytes
Which type of blood cell are known as erythrocytes?
red blood cells
What is the technical term for white blood cells
leucocytes
Name the 3 types of white blood cells
granulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
What are the functions of the white blood cells?
granulocytes - engulf bacteria
lymphocytes - produce antibodies to neutralise antigens and prevent bacteria from multiplying
monocytes - phagocytosis (engulf and destroy bacteria)
What’s the technical term for platelets?
thrombocytes
Which component of blood is known as thromocytes?
platelets
What’s the function of platelets?
clot blood
Where can you find cartilage?
end of bones
in the ears and nose
What’s the function of cartilage?
protects the ends of bone from friction during movement
it forms the major part of the nose and external ear flaps
Where cna you find bone cells?
e.g. femur, ribs, pelvs
What’s the function of bone?
bear weight
protect vital organs
make red blood cells
What is areolar tissue?
the sticky white material found on meat
What’s the function of areolar tissue?
it binds muscle groups, blood vessels and nerves together
What is adipose tissue?
fatty tissue
Where can you find adipose tissue?
under the skin
around organs such as the heart and kidneys
What’s the function of adipose tissue?
insulation
shock absorber
high energy store
Identify the 3 types of muscle tissue
non-striated / smooth
striated / skeletal
cardiac
Which types of muscle tissue are involuntary?
non-striated/smooth
cardiac
Where can you find smooth / non-striated muscle?
stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels
What’s the function of non-striated / smooth muscle?
propel food (peristalsis), waste products, blood through them
Where can you find striated / skeletal muscle?
attached to bones of the skeleton e.g. biceps, abdominals
What is the function of striated / skeletal muscle?
movement
Where can you find cardiac muscle?
in the heart
What’s the function of cardiac muscle?
pump blood around the body
Identify the different parts of a nervous tissue cell (neuron)
cell body nucleus dendrites axon myelin sheath (made from schwann cells) nodes of ranvier (between myelin sheath)
Where can you find nervous tissue?
in the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord and nerves
What’s the function of nervous tissue?
to receive stimuli from external sources and help maintain homeostasis by coordinating and communicating between body parts
Whats another name for skeletal muscle tissue?
striated
What’s another name for smooth muscle tissue?
non-striated
What’s the technical name for the muscle tissue found in the heart?
cardiac muscle
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
Describe the functions of the stomach
mixes saliva, food and gastric juices
holds food before releasing it into the small intesting
secretes gastric juice, which includes hydrocholoric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor and gastric lipase to aid digestion of food
What’s the function of the heart?
pump blood around the body
What’s the function of the lungs?
inhalation and exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What’s the function of the brain?
it receives and sends nervous ipulses as a means of communicaton to the body
Where can you find the heart
between the lungs in the chest
Where can you find your lungs?
one on either side of the heart, filling the chest cavity
Where can you find your brain?
in your skull
Where can you find your stomach?
on the left side of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm
What type of tissue is the heart made up of?
cardiac tissue
What type of tissue is the brain made up of?
nervous tissue
Where can you find the liver?
on the righ of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
What’s the role of the liver?
secretes bile salts
stored glycogen
Where can you find the pancreas?
it lies between the stomach and duodenum (under the liver)
What’s the role of the pancreas?
it secretes digestive juices into the small intesting
it secretes insulin and glucagon
Name the 2 parts of the small intestine
duodenum
ileum
What’s the role of the duodenum?
it passes chyme to the ileum
What’s the role of the ileum?
it passes undigested chyme to the colon
it absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
What’s the role of the colon?
it absorbs water and produces semi-solid faeces
Where cna you find the kidneys?
one on each side of the back wall of the abdomen
What’s the role of the kidneys?
they eliminate waste products and water, maintaining homeostasis
What’s the role of the bladder?
it collects and stores urine until it’s released
What type of cells are found in the small intestine?
non-striated (smooth) muscle, lined with columnar, and ciliated epithelium
Where can you find the ovaries
one on each side of the pelvis, below the kidneys
What’s the role of the uterus?
produces ova (eggs) secretes oestrogen and progesterone
Where can you find the testes?
one on either side of the penis in the scrotum
What’s the role of the testes?
produce sperm
secrete testosterone
What’s the role of the uterus?
produces new epithelium monthly and support and protects the foetus until birth.
It contracts powerfully to expel the foetus and placenta during birth
