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Unit 3 - Anatomy and Physiology > Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the main parts of a cell

A 
nucleus
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
centrioles
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

the control centre of the cell that contains the DNA

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3
Q

What is the role of centrioles?

A

They play an important part in spindle formation during cell division, making mitotic spindle that connects to chromosomes to give new cells the correct amount of DNA

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4
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

it’s where aerobic cellular respiration takes place

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5
Q

What’s the role of ribosomes?

A

they make proteins

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6
Q

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it’s a temporary storage area for proteins, before passing them out to the golgi apparatus in vacuoles

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7
Q

What is the role of golgi apparatus?

A

it packages proteins to deliver to other organelles and it produces lysosomes

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8
Q

What’s the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it aids the metabolism of fats

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9
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A

they contain powerful enzymes that digest and destroy old or damaged organelles, and bacteria

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10
Q

Name the 4 different types of tissue?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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11
Q

Name the 4 different types of simple epithelial tissue

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar
ciliated

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12
Q

Describe the structure of squamous cells

A

very flat (squashed) with a nucleus forming a lump in the centre

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13
Q

Where can you find squamous cells?

A

lung alveoli

blood capillaries

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14
Q

What’s the function of squamous cells?

A

allow materials to pass through via diffusion and osmosis

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15
Q

Describe the structure of cuboidal cells

A

cube shaped with a spherical nuclei

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16
Q

Where can you find cuboidal cells?

A

kidney tubules
sweat ducts
thyroid gland
breast tissue

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17
Q

What’s the function of cuboidal tissue?

A

they line ducts and tissues allowing material to pass through. In glandular tissues they make secretions

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18
Q

Describe the structure of columnar cells

A

Tall (rectangular) with a slightly oval nuclei

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19
Q

Where can you find colomnar cells?

A

villi of small intestine

female reproductive system

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20
Q

What’s the function of columnar cells?

A

they’re involved in movement

e.g. moving the ovum towards the uterus

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21
Q

Describe the structure of ciliated cells

A

they’re a type of columnar cell with microscopic filaments called cilia on

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22
Q

Where can you find ciliated cells?

A

lining of the trachea and bronchi

villi in the small intestine

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23
Q

What’s the role of ciliated cells?

A

the cilia move in wave like motions moving things along it.

e.g. in the ailmentary tracts they transport the flow of dirty mucus to the exterior

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24
Q

What are compound epithelial cells?

A

layers of simple epithelial cells

they cna be squamous, cuboidal or columnar

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25
Q

Where can you find compound epithelial cells?

A

vagina, mouth, tongue, oesophagus

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26
Q

What’s the function of compound epithelial cells?

A

protect deeper structures with multiple layers of cells

to hamper the passage of materials

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27
Q

What makes a cell keratinised?

A

they’re filled with a protein called keratin

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28
Q

What’s the role of keratinised cells?

A

they help prevent micro-organisms invade deeper structures and waterproof the skin

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29
Q

Name the 5 types of connective tissue

A 
Dense (cartilage)
Blood
Bone
Areola
Adipose
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30
Q

Name the 4 components of blod

A

white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets
plasma

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31
Q

Describe the function of plasma

A

it carries gasses, nutrients, enzymes and hormones

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32
Q

describe the function of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen to muscles and carbon dioxide back to lungs

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33
Q

What is the technical term for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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34
Q

Which type of blood cell are known as erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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35
Q

What is the technical term for white blood cells

A

leucocytes

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36
Q

Name the 3 types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes

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37
Q

What are the functions of the white blood cells?

A

granulocytes - engulf bacteria
lymphocytes - produce antibodies to neutralise antigens and prevent bacteria from multiplying
monocytes - phagocytosis (engulf and destroy bacteria)

38
Q

What’s the technical term for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

39
Q

Which component of blood is known as thromocytes?

A

platelets

40
Q

What’s the function of platelets?

A

clot blood

41
Q

Where can you find cartilage?

A

end of bones

in the ears and nose

42
Q

What’s the function of cartilage?

A

protects the ends of bone from friction during movement

it forms the major part of the nose and external ear flaps

43
Q

Where cna you find bone cells?

A

e.g. femur, ribs, pelvs

44
Q

What’s the function of bone?

A

bear weight
protect vital organs
make red blood cells

45
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

the sticky white material found on meat

46
Q

What’s the function of areolar tissue?

A

it binds muscle groups, blood vessels and nerves together

47
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

fatty tissue

48
Q

Where can you find adipose tissue?

A

under the skin

around organs such as the heart and kidneys

49
Q

What’s the function of adipose tissue?

A

insulation
shock absorber
high energy store

50
Q

Identify the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

non-striated / smooth
striated / skeletal
cardiac

51
Q

Which types of muscle tissue are involuntary?

A

non-striated/smooth

cardiac

52
Q

Where can you find smooth / non-striated muscle?

A

stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels

53
Q

What’s the function of non-striated / smooth muscle?

A

propel food (peristalsis), waste products, blood through them

54
Q

Where can you find striated / skeletal muscle?

A

attached to bones of the skeleton e.g. biceps, abdominals

55
Q

What is the function of striated / skeletal muscle?

A

movement

56
Q

Where can you find cardiac muscle?

A

in the heart

57
Q

What’s the function of cardiac muscle?

A

pump blood around the body

58
Q

Identify the different parts of a nervous tissue cell (neuron)

A 
cell body
nucleus
dendrites
axon
myelin sheath (made from schwann cells)
nodes of ranvier (between myelin sheath)
59
Q

Where can you find nervous tissue?

A

in the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord and nerves

60
Q

What’s the function of nervous tissue?

A

to receive stimuli from external sources and help maintain homeostasis by coordinating and communicating between body parts

61
Q

Whats another name for skeletal muscle tissue?

A

striated

62
Q

What’s another name for smooth muscle tissue?

A

non-striated

63
Q

What’s the technical name for the muscle tissue found in the heart?

A

cardiac muscle

64
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle

65
Q

Describe the functions of the stomach

A

mixes saliva, food and gastric juices
holds food before releasing it into the small intesting
secretes gastric juice, which includes hydrocholoric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor and gastric lipase to aid digestion of food

66
Q

What’s the function of the heart?

A

pump blood around the body

67
Q

What’s the function of the lungs?

A

inhalation and exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

68
Q

What’s the function of the brain?

A

it receives and sends nervous ipulses as a means of communicaton to the body

69
Q

Where can you find the heart

A

between the lungs in the chest

70
Q

Where can you find your lungs?

A

one on either side of the heart, filling the chest cavity

71
Q

Where can you find your brain?

A

in your skull

72
Q

Where can you find your stomach?

A

on the left side of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm

73
Q

What type of tissue is the heart made up of?

A

cardiac tissue

74
Q

What type of tissue is the brain made up of?

A

nervous tissue

75
Q

Where can you find the liver?

A

on the righ of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm

76
Q

What’s the role of the liver?

A

secretes bile salts

stored glycogen

77
Q

Where can you find the pancreas?

A

it lies between the stomach and duodenum (under the liver)

78
Q

What’s the role of the pancreas?

A

it secretes digestive juices into the small intesting

it secretes insulin and glucagon

79
Q

Name the 2 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum

ileum

80
Q

What’s the role of the duodenum?

A

it passes chyme to the ileum

81
Q

What’s the role of the ileum?

A

it passes undigested chyme to the colon

it absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream

82
Q

What’s the role of the colon?

A

it absorbs water and produces semi-solid faeces

83
Q

Where cna you find the kidneys?

A

one on each side of the back wall of the abdomen

84
Q

What’s the role of the kidneys?

A

they eliminate waste products and water, maintaining homeostasis

85
Q

What’s the role of the bladder?

A

it collects and stores urine until it’s released

86
Q

What type of cells are found in the small intestine?

A

non-striated (smooth) muscle, lined with columnar, and ciliated epithelium

87
Q

Where can you find the ovaries

A

one on each side of the pelvis, below the kidneys

88
Q

What’s the role of the uterus?

A 
produces ova (eggs) 
secretes oestrogen and progesterone
89
Q

Where can you find the testes?

A

one on either side of the penis in the scrotum

90
Q

What’s the role of the testes?

A

produce sperm

secrete testosterone

91
Q

What’s the role of the uterus?

A

produces new epithelium monthly and support and protects the foetus until birth.
It contracts powerfully to expel the foetus and placenta during birth

Unit 3 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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