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Unit 3 - Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 parts of the female reproductive system

A 
fallopian tubes
ovaries
uterus
cervix
vagina
vulva
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2
Q

What’s the role of the ovaries?

A

produce mature ova (eggs)

secrete oestrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

What’s the role of the uterus?

A

produce thickened endometrium lining in preparation for a fertilised ovum (egg), and break it down and expell it during your period

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4
Q

What’s the role of the cervix

A

protect the vagina with a thick plug of mucus, which softens during ovulation, allowing sperm to travel into the uterus after sex

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5
Q

What is the role of the vagina?

A

provide lubrication during sexual intercourse

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6
Q

What is the vulva?

A

the external opening of the vagina

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7
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

where endometrial tissue grows in places other than the uterus, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes. When the tissue that’s built up during the menstrual cycle breaks down, it has no outlet so causes pain and damage

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Endometriosis?

A

pain in stomach
very bad period pain
pain during sex, when peeing or pooing during your peroid
feeling sick, constipated, diarrhoea or blood in pee
difficulty getting pregnant

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9
Q

What complications are related to Endometriosis?

A

fertility problems, due to damaged fallopian tubes or ovaries
adhesions and ovarian cysts
bladder and bowel problems

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10
Q

What is polycystic ovary syndrome?

A

ovaries become enlarged and contain follicles (underdeveloped fluid filled sacs - where the eggs usually develop), meaning they can’t release an egg

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11
Q

Name 2 disorders relating to the female reproductive system

A

Endometriosis

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of poycystic ovary syndrome?

A 
irregular or no periods
difficulty getting pregnant
excessive hair growth on face, chest, back, bum
weight gain
oily skin or acne
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13
Q

Name the 7 parts of the male reproductive system

A 
penis
urethra
scrotum
testes
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
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14
Q

What’s the role of the testes?

A

they are where sperm is produced

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15
Q

What is the role of the scrotum?

A

they hold your testes outside your body, so they can be slightly below body temperature

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16
Q

What is the role of the vas deferens?

A

they are tubes that conect the testes to the urethra so sperm can pass from the testes through the penis

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17
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles?

A

they pour semen into the vas deference to make the sperm mobile and give them nourishment

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18
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?

A

it secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm and squeezes it into the urethra during ejaculation

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19
Q

What’s the role of the urethra?

A

it goes from the bladder, through the prostate to the penis, to expel urine and semen

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20
Q

What’s the role of the penis

A

It becomes engorged with blood when a man is sexually aroused, causing it to become stiff and erect so it can go into the vagina and deposit semen

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21
Q

Name 2 disorders relating to the male reproductive system

A

Hydrocele
Prostate Cancer
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

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22
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

a soft, painless swelling in the scrotum due to fluid accumulation

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of hydrocele?

A

painless swelling in one or both testicles

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24
Q

What is prostate cancer?

A

cancerous cells that make the prostate larger, feel lumpy and irregular

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

A

increased need to pee, straining while peeing, blood in urine or semen

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26
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)?

A

an enlarged ‘woody’ prostate gland that squeezes on the bladder, causing some uring to remain in the bladder, causing infection

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of BPH?

A

increased need to pee, straining while peeing, blood in urine or semen

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28
Q

Identify the 2 types of cell that are produced through Meiosis

A

Sperm and Ovum (egg)

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29
Q

Which type of reproduction occurs to create sex cells?

A

Meiosis

30
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

a cell doubles its Chromosomes, the splits into 4 non-identical daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes

31
Q

In men and women, how many of the 4 non-identical daughter cells mature into sperm / ova?

A

men - all 4 cells become sperm

women - 1 out of 4 cells matures into an ovum

32
Q

Once a sperm has fertilised an ovum (egg), what is the new cell called, and how many chromosomes does it have?

A

zygote

46 chromosomes

33
Q

What form of reproduction does a zygote go through to become a developing embryo?

A

mitosis

34
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

the cell doubles its chromosomes, then splits into 2 identical daughter cells which each contain 46 chromosomes

35
Q

Describe what happens in the first trimester of pregnancy

A 
the amniotic sac develops
the placenta develops
cells replicate and separate into tissues and organs
Miscarriages are most common
Women experience nasuea
36
Q

In which trimester of pregnancy are miscarriages most common?

A

1st

37
Q

In which trimester of pregnancy do the amniotic sac and placenta develop?

A

1st

38
Q

Describe what happens in the second trimester of pregnancy

A 
gender becomes apparent
facial features develop
organs, nerves and muscles are developed and functioning
you can feel the foetus move
you can hear the heartbeat
bones are developing
39
Q

In which trimester of pregnnancy can you tell the baby’s gender?

A

2nd

40
Q

In which trimester of pregnnancy can you start to feel the foetus moving?

A

2nd

41
Q

In which trimester of pregnnancy can you hear the foetal heartbeat?

A

2nd

42
Q

In which trimester do facial features develop?

A

2nd

43
Q

Describe the 3rd trimester of pregnancy

A

the skeleton is fully developed
most internatl systems are well developed
eyes open
organs mature
towards the end of the stage he baby’s head descends into the mothers’ pelvis ready for birth

44
Q

In which trimester do the baby’s eyes open?

A

3rd

45
Q

In which trimester are the skeleton and most internal systems fully developed?

A

3rd

46
Q

What is the normal ‘vertex’ position a baby is born?

A

head-first through the vagina

47
Q

What is a breech birth?

A

Where the baby is born legs/buttocks first through the vagina

48
Q

What is a caesarean birth?

A

where the baby is delivered through surgical incision in the mothers abdomen and uterus (usually due to complications)

49
Q

What happens in stage 1 of birth?

A

the amnion ruptures and amniotic fluid escapes (waters break)
uterine musclar contractions get stronger
the cervix gets progressively dilated and the mucus plug falls out

50
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of birth?

A

very strong contractions and abdominal muscle contractions force the foetus down the birth canal, out of the vagina

51
Q

What happens in the 3rd stage of birth?

A

contractions begin again after a pause and the placenta is delivered

52
Q

Identify 6 factors that can affect foetal development during pregnancy

A 
genetics
age
diet
health
smoking
alcohol consumption
53
Q

Name 2 genetic disorders that can occur during pregnancy due to errors in DNA replicaiton

A

PKU
cysti fibrosis
sickle cell disease
Down’s Syndrome

54
Q

What is a baby born to an older mother more likely to be at risk of?

A

errors with DNA replication such as Down’s Syndrome

55
Q

What health issues a mother may have can affect the development of a foetus

A 
diabetes
heart disease
endometriosis
STD
other infections such as Rubella, Zika Virus,
56
Q

How can smoking whilst pregnant affect the development of a foetus?

A

more likely to have a stillbirth

infants can be smaller and have lower cognitive function

57
Q

How can drinking alcohol whilst pregnant affect the development of the foetus?

A

Increased risk of foetal alcohol syndrome, that causes congenital defects such as a smaller foetus, cleft palate, heart defects, reduced intelligence

58
Q

How can a poor diet in pregnancy affect the development of the foetus?

A

poor diets lack essential nutrients so the foetus can’t grow properly.
e.g. not enough folic acid can cause spina bifida

59
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

a substance / agent that causes birth defects

60
Q

Identify 5 teratogens that can cause birth defects

A 
Viruses such as rubella, HIV
Drugs
Cigarette smoke
Alcohol
Radiation (e.g. from xrays)
Chemical (e.g. mercury)
61
Q

Name 2 congenitcal disorders

A

Spina bifida

Cerebral palsy

62
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

a neural defect caused by a malformation of the spine and spinal cord, leaving some of the spinal cord exposed

63
Q

Spina Bifida can cause hydrocephalus, what is this?

A

excess fluid in the skull

64
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy?

A

a neurological condition (brain damage) that affects movement, balance and coordination

65
Q

What is congenital rubella syndrome?

A

when a mother catches rubella whilst pregnant and passes it on to the foetus

66
Q

What are the problems associated with congenital rubella syndrome?

A

baby can be born deaf, with visual problems, heart conditions, blood disorders, damage to the central nervous system, reduced cognitive function

67
Q

Identify 2 tests for genetic disorders during pregnancy

A

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus Sampling

68
Q

Describe Amniocentesis

A

a long, thin needle is inserte through your abdomen, guided by an ultrasound
This removes a small sample of amniotic fluid for analysis

69
Q

Describe Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

a small tube or forceps are inserted through your cervix, and a sample of cells is taken from placenta for testing

70
Q

When is amniocentesis usually carried out?

A

between 15th - 20th week of pregnancy

71
Q

When is chorionic villus sampling usually carried out?

A

between 11th and 14th week of pregnancy

72
Q

Which test for genetic disorders during pregnancy is more likely to lead to miscarriage?
Why?

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Because it’s performed earlier in the pregnancy

Unit 3 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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