Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomed > Stroke and TBI > Flashcards

Stroke and TBI Flashcards

1
Q

Define stroke

A

A clinical syndrome of presumed vascular origin characterised by rapidly developing signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral functions which lasts longer than 24 hours or leads to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A stroke happens when what?

A
  1. blood supply to brain is cut off (ischaemia)
    OR
  2. there is bleeding around the brain (haemorrhage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

a physical interruption of blood flow in a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an infarct?

A

the area of ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of stroke and their commonness?

A
  1. ischaemic (85%)
  2. haemorrhagic stroke (15%)
  3. transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

an artery supplying blood to the brain is blocked by a clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

a blood vessel ruptures in the brain, causing bleeding in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a transient ischaemic attack?

A
  1. temporary interruption of blood flow due to a clot
  2. resolves quickly
  3. stroke symptoms occur but usually last less than 24 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the subtypes of ischaemic strokes?

A
  1. large vessel disease
  2. small vessel disease
  3. embolic
  4. cryptogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is large vessel disease?

A

An ischaemic stroke due to plaque and thrombus that forms in the blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is small vessel disease?

A

An ischaemic stroke due to hypertension, ageing, genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an embolic stroke?

A

An ischaemic stroke due to a clot travelling to the brain - common after heart surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a cryptogenic stroke

A

Cause not determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the subtypes of haemorrhagic stroke?

A
  1. intracerebral haemorrhage
  2. subarachnoid haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

bleeding into the brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding into the space under the arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of an ischaemic stroke on the brain?

A
  1. neurons are starved of oxygen
  2. infarct sizes vary depending on which blood vessel is blocked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the effect of a haemorrhagic stroke on the brain?

A
  1. neurons are disrupted by direct contact with blood
  2. their extracellular balance is disturbed and they become dehydrated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What us a lesion?

A

an area of damaged tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does TACI stand for?

A

total anterior circulation infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a TACI?

A

the worst type if ischaemic stroke affecting the entire anterior circulation of one side of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How common is a TACI?

A

most common - 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which arteries are usually affected by a TACI?

A
  1. middle cerebral artery (90%)
  2. anterior cerebral artery (2%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What lobes are affected by a TACI?

A

frontal, parietal, one side temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cortices are affected by a TACI?

A

motor, somatosensory, language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the symptoms of a TACI?

A

combination of:
1. unilateral and contralateral motor and/or sensory deficit of at least 2 out of arm leg and face
2. new higher order dysfunction
3. homonymous visual field deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does PACI stand for?

A

Partial anterior circulation infarct

26
Q

What is a PACI?

A

ischaemic stroke affecting part of the anterior circulation supplying one side of the brain

27
Q

What artery is usually affected by PACI?

A
  1. middle cerebral artery (90%)
  2. anterior cerebral artery (2%)
28
Q

What lobes are affected by PACI?

A

frontal, parietal, one side temporal

29
Q

What cortices are affected by PACI?

A

motor, somatosensory, language centres

30
Q

What are the symptoms of a PACI?

A

At least 2 of:
1. unilateral and contralateral motor and/or sensory deficit of at least 2 out of arm leg and face
2. new higher order dysfunction
3. homonymous visual field deficit

31
Q

What does POCI stand for?

A

posterior circulation infarct

32
Q

What is a POCI?

A

an ischaemic stroke affecting the posterior circulation supply to one side of the brain, accounting for 20-25% of strokes

33
Q

What arteries are affected by a POCI?

A

vertebral, posterior cerebral, basilar, cerebellar

34
Q

What areas are affected by a POCI?

A

brainstem, cerebellum, occipital cortex

35
Q

What are the symptoms of a POCI?

A

Combination of:
1. ipsilateral cranial nerve palsy with contralateral motor/sensory deficit
2. cerebellar dysfunction
3. disorder of conjugate eye movement
4. isolated homonymous visual field defect

36
Q

What does LACI stand for?

A

Lacunar infarct

37
Q

What is a LACI?

A

occlusion of a single small deep penetrating artery which affects circulation to deeper brain structures

38
Q

Where are the lesions from a LACI?

A

mostly in internal capsule, but may also be in basal ganglia, putamen, thalamus, caudate nucleus, pons

39
Q

What can a LACI result in?

A
  1. pure motor stroke
  2. pure sensory stroke
  3. sensori-motor stroke
40
Q

Define TBI

A

injury to brain function or indication of brain pathology caused by an external force

41
Q

How is the severity of a TBI measured?

A

on the Glasgow Coma scale

42
Q

What are the subtypes of TBI?

A
  1. diffuse
  2. focal
43
Q

What is a diffuse TBI?

A

caused by force or event affecting all or most of brain

44
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury?

A

A type of diffuse TBI where there is shearing of the brain’s axons as it shifts and rotates inside the skull during rapid acceleration/deceleration

45
Q

What is a focal TBI?

A

caused by an external force at a local site and can be penetrating or non penetrating

46
Q

What are the ways a TBI can present?

A
  1. concussion
  2. contusion
  3. diffuse axonal injury
  4. haemorrhages
47
Q

What are the different kinds of TBI haemorrhage?

A
  1. epidural
  2. subdural
  3. intracerebral
48
Q

What is an epidural haemorrhage TBI?

A
  1. directly under skull bone
  2. can be from blunt trauma to head, typically temporal region
  3. can be penetrating injury often with skull fracture leading to bleeding
49
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage TBI?

A
  1. blood enters subdural space due to damage to blood vessels near dura being stretched/torn/broken
  2. usually blunt force injury but can come from penetrating injury
50
Q

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage TBI?

A
  1. bleeding from brain tissue deeper in the brain
  2. blunt force, penetrating, or shearing
51
Q

What are the different stages of injury TBI?

A
  1. primary injury
  2. secondary injury
52
Q

What is primary injury in TBI?

A

Immediate tissue damage due to direct impact of the injury

53
Q

What is secondary injury TBI?

A
  1. hypoxia in minutes post injury
  2. brain bruising, swelling, bleeding, and development of blood clots leading to raied intracranial pressure over 24-48 hours
54
Q

What is intracranial pressure?

A

pressure in the cranial vault - usually <20mmHg

55
Q

How does haemorrhagic bleeding affect ICP?

A
  1. causes rise in ICP
  2. can lead to compression of medulla in foramen magnum
  3. damage may occur to vital centres controlling bleeding, blood pressure, and heart rate
56
Q

What are the major effects of stroke and TBI?

A
  1. effects on language and cognitive functions if temporal and frontal lobes
  2. hemiplegia - contralateral to lesion site
  3. sensory impairment if in somatosensory cortex
  4. vision impairment if in visual cortex
57
Q

What language disorders can arise from stroke and TBI?

A
  1. aphasia
  2. asprodia
  3. alexia
  4. agrapgia
  5. anomia
  6. apraxia of speech
  7. dysarthria
58
Q

What motor problems can arise from stroke and TBI?

A
  1. apraxia
  2. hemiplegia
  3. paresis
  4. spastic paralysis
  5. flaccid paralysis
59
Q

What is apraxia?

A

difficulty acting out willed movement

60
Q

What is paresis?

A

weakness

61
Q

What is spastic paralysis?

A
  1. upper motor neuron lesion
  2. voluntary movemetn on contralateral side lost
  3. reflex actions remain
  4. will have increased muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes
62
Q

What is flaccid paralysis?

A
  1. damage to lower motor neuron
  2. muscle receives no innervation from motor or sensory input
63
Q

What disorders of behaviour can arise from stroke and TBI?

A
  1. hemispatial neglect
  2. changes in higher order behaviours due to damage to frontal lobe
64
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

deficit in attention and awareness towards side contralateral to brain damage

Biomed (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions