Genetics Flashcards
What are specialised cells?
Cells with a specific shape and/or function
How many cell types are in the body?
Around 200
How are cells specialised?
The structure and function of the cell is determined by the different proteins expressed by the cell
What are the two main types of protein in the body?
- Structural proteins (create and build structure - e.g. keratin, collagen)
- Globular proteins (allow functions - e.g. antibody)
How often do gastrointestinal epithelial cells divide?
Every 3-4 days
How often do basal skin cells divide?
Every 10-30 days
How often to neurons divide?
Rarely if ever
What body cells can produce gametes?
testes cells and ovary cells
What are the main functions of RNA?
- Copy DNA instructions so proteins can be made
- Build new proteins in cytoplasm
- Form ribosomes
Define gene
Part of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular protein
How many genes do humans have?
20,000-25,000 spread across the chromosomes
How much of DNA is coding?
Around 2%
How much DNA is non coding?
around 98%
What does the genome consist of?
All of the DNA in the nucleus and the mitochondria
How is a protein’s structure and function determined?
By the order of the amino acids
Define genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual
Define phenotype
The characteristics expressed by the individual influenced by both the genotype and the environment
What is Huntington’s disease?
- Autosomal dominant conditions
- Alleles are on chromosome 4
- Causes neurodegeneration
What is cystic fibrosis?
- Autosomal recessive disease
- Alleles are on chromosome 7
- mutation in CTFR causes faulty CTFR protein leading to excessive mucous in lungs and digestive tract
Define epigenetics
The study of how behaviours and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work