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Biomed > Introduction to the nervous system > Flashcards

Introduction to the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the brain do?

A
  1. Receives and processes info
  2. Initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions
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3
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A
  1. conducts signals to and from brain
  2. controls reflex actions
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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system physically made up of?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A
  1. arise directly from brain
  2. 2 nerves from cerebrum
  3. 10 nerves from brainstem
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6
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A
  1. each pair comes from spinal cord at one vertebral segment
  2. function as intermediaries between CNS and a certain region of the periphery
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7
Q

What are the main regions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. brainstem
  3. cerebellum
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8
Q

What are the regions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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9
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum

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10
Q

What makes up the midbrain?

A

Midbrain region (superior brainstem)

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11
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

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12
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
  5. insula - under fissure between frontal and temporal
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13
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

a groove in the brain

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14
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A deep groove in the brain

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15
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A raised area in the brain

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16
Q

What are the notable fissures in the brain?

A

Longitudinal fissure - divides brain into right and left hemispheres

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17
Q

What are notable sulci in the brain?

A
  1. central sulcus - between frontal and parietla
  2. lateral sulcus - between frontal and temporal
  3. parieto-occipital sulcus
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18
Q

What are notable gyri in the brain?

A
  1. precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex for voluntary movements
  2. postcentral gyrus - primary sensory cortex
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19
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Thick bundle of neurons connecting right and left hemispheres which allow transfer of info between them

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20
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outermost layer of the brain made of grey matter which processes and respons to info

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21
Q

What are the notable regions of the cortex?

A
  1. primary motor cortex - frontal lobe
    2, primary sensory cortex - parietal
  2. Visual cortex - occipital
  3. auditory cortex - temporal
  4. brocas area - left frontal
  5. wernickes area - left temporal
  6. prefrontal cortex - frontal
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22
Q

What is the midbrain of the brainstem?

A
  1. imp for relaying info between cerebral cortex and spinal cord
  2. contains red nuculei, superior and inferior colliculus, substantia niagra
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23
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

A

aspects of vision and hearing

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24
Q

What does substantia niagra do?

A

aspects of motor control

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25
Q

What does the pons do?

A

contains respiratory centres and reticular system (arousal, postural control)

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26
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Contains ventral and dorsal respiratory groups and cardiovascular centre

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27
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  1. receive and process sensory info about joint info and muscle tension
  2. receives info about planned movement
  3. instruct primary motor cortex in terms of direction, timing and force when the movement is executed
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28
Q

How is the cerebellum imp for speech?

A
  1. motor control of muscles
  2. timing - for intelligible speech
  3. monitoring speech production and adjusting if needed
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29
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

the ‘through’ brain between cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

30
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. thalamus
  3. pituitary gland
31
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

homeostasis and endocrine

32
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

It is the main relay centre for sensory impulses from the body to the cerebral cortex

33
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

A system in the brain for regulating and processing emotions, and some memory, behaviour, and motivation

34
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A
  1. amygdala
  2. hippocampus
  3. cingulate cortex
  4. thalamus
  5. hypothalamus
35
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Formation of long term memories , spatial navigation, learning, and memory processes

35
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

Processing emotions and forming emotional memories

36
Q

What is the cingulate cortex?

A

A region in the cortex with a role in emotional and cognitive processing, decision making, social behaviour, and pain perception

37
Q

What can come from limbic system dysfunction?

A

Can contribute to mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and other emotional and behavioural issues

38
Q

What are the regions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical (neck area) - C1-8
  2. thoracic (chest area) - T1-12
  3. lumbar (lower back) - L1-4
  4. Sacral (lowest region) - S1-5
39
Q

Define quadraplegia

A

A cervical injury resulting in paralysis from the neck down

40
Q

Define paraplegia

A

A thoracic injury resulting in paralysis from the trunk down

40
Q

How is the spinal cord protected?

A

By the vertebrae bones of t he spine and vertebral discs

41
Q

What type of nerves do spinal nerves have?

A
  1. sensory nerve - from body to spinal cord
  2. motor nerve - from spinal cord to muscle, organ, or gland
42
Q

What doe the spinal nerves join up to?

A

The four main plexus - gives rise to other peripheral nerves in this region

43
Q

What are the functions of a neuron cell?

A

Transmit impulses to allow communication between CNS and PNS within the CNS

44
Q

What are the main parts of a neuron cell?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrite
  3. axon
  4. myelin sheath
  5. nodes of ranvier
  6. synapse
45
Q

What makes up the glia in the CNS?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocyte
  3. ependymal cells
  4. microglial cells
46
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Produce the myelin sheath in the CNS

47
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Support, repair, and allow homeostasis in the CNS

48
Q

What are ependymal cells responsible for?

A

Production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid, brain metabolism and waste clearance

49
Q

What are microglial cells responsible for?

A

Immune function in the CNS

50
Q

What makes up the glia in the PNS

A
  1. satellite cells
  2. schwann cells
51
Q

What are satellite cells responsible for in the CNS?

A

Support, repair, and homeostasis in the PNS

52
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Form the myelin sheath in the CNS

53
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When Schwann cells become wrapped around the axon of a neuron. The lipid in the cells acts as an insulator and increases the speed of electrical impulses

54
Q

What is muscular sclerosis (MS)?

A

A condition where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath

55
Q

What neurons are white matter made up of?

A

Myelinated neurons

55
Q

What neurons are grey matter made up of?

A

Unmyelinated neurons

55
Q

What is a nerve made of?

A

Bundles of individual neuron cells, blood vessels, connective tissue

56
Q

What are the layers of a nerve?

A
  1. endoneurium
  2. perineurium
  3. epineurium
57
Q

What are the stages of an action potential?

A
  1. polarised
  2. depolarised
  3. repolarised
  4. hyperpolarised
58
Q

What happens in a neuron at rest?

A
  1. sodium potassium pumps move sodium ions outside the cell
  2. makes inside negative and outside positive
  3. sodium channels are closed so cannot reenter
59
Q

What happens in a neuron when an stimulus occurs?

A
  1. when passes threshold sodium channels open
  2. sodium floods in
  3. creates positive charge inside cell
  4. results in depolarisation
60
Q

What is the threshold for an action potential?

A

55mV

61
Q

What happens in the neuron during the refractory period (hyperpolarisation)?

A
  1. Sodium potassium pump returns ion concentrations on either side to resting potential
  2. new action potential cannot be fired in this time
62
Q

What are the factors affecting the speed of an impulse?

A
  1. Axon diameter
  2. Temperature
  3. (myelination)
63
Q

How does axon diameter affect speed of impulse?

A

Greater diameter = faster speed

64
Q

How does temperature affect speed of impulse?

A

Increased temp = faster speed
Due to increased enzyme activity, but will only increase to a point

65
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The point where one neuron communicates with another neuron/muscle cell

66
Q

How is the impulse propagated along the axon?

A
  1. Voltage gated sodium ion channels sense a change in voltage
  2. causes nearby channels to open
  3. allows another rush of sodium into the cell

Biomed (29 decks)

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