stress and pain

Question 1

Physiological response to stress – limbic system

Answer 1

activates emotions

Question 2

Physiological response to stress – cerebral cortex

Answer 2

conscious thoughts

Question 3

Physiological response to stress – ADH

Answer 3

increases blood pressure

Question 4

Physiological response to stress – aldosterone

Answer 4

increases blood pressure

Question 5

Physiological response to stress – nor epi

Answer 5

decrease blood flow to organs and increases blood pressure

Question 6

Physiological response to stress – epi

Answer 6

1. increase heart rate
2. increases blow to muscles AND brain,
3. broncodilation, 4. increase blood sugar
4. lipolysis (break up of fat)

Question 7

Physiological response to stress – cortisol

Answer 7

1. CSN stimulation (brain)
2. protein break down
3. increase blood sugar,
4. decrease gastric secretions,
5. decrease inflam.,
6. decrease WBC

Question 8

What is a stressor ?

Answer 8

any factor that creates a significant change in the body or environment

Question 9

Stress

Answer 9

the bodys response to a stressor

Question 10

What are the three stages of the stress response? and what occurs in the stages

Answer 10

1. Alarm stage - identify the stressor, hypothalamus s activated
2. Resistance stage - You reach a new hemostasis to formulate a new plan, what are you going to do
3. Exhaustion - You are unable to mount a stress response, should only be acute

Question 11

how to handle stress

Answer 11

1. Do something you enjoy
2. Meditation – 10 mins day proven to decrease cortisol
3. Decrease sugar, increase protein, increase healthy fat intake because all of these counteract the stress response
4. Execise – based on stage of stress response
5. Sleep – time for protein builing, healing ,and brain shuts down
6. Therapy – limbic system, helps to sort out emotions and change perspective
7. Supplementation or medications

Question 12

what is pain?

Answer 12

A warning signal from the body that injury has occurred or it is about to

Question 13

what is pain threshold?

Answer 13

The level of stimulation required to activate the nerve endings enough so that they experience pain

Question 14

what is somatic pain

Answer 14

Cutaneous tissue pain, and travels along the sensory nerve fibers to brain

Question 15

what is visceral pain

Answer 15

Organ pain, travels along the SNS fibers which activate the stress response

Question 16

what is neuropathic pain

Answer 16

Nerve pain, feels like “hot and wet”

Question 17

what is referred pain

Answer 17

Visceral that is felt like somatic pain and is caused by the two types of fibers meeting at the same place in the spinal cord and the brain doesn’t recongize the difference

Question 18

Once pain signal reachs the brain it goes through a varity of areas each with different functions, what are the areas? And what are their functions?

Answer 18

1. Reticular formation – it is the brain stem, and the brain has an awareness that pain exists
2. Thalamus – mail room, and is the sorting region of the brain
3. Somatosensory cortex – locates and perceives pain and the quality of the pain
4. Hypothalamus – stress response
5. Limbic system

Question 19

what is phantom pain

Answer 19

Usually occurs in those who have had an amputation, and feels like ichy.

Question 20

pain control for mild pain

Answer 20

1. ASA – decreases pain at perpherial site
2. Acetaminophen – antipyretic
3. NSAIDS- asa and nsaids are anti-inflammatory

Question 21

pain control for moderate pain

Answer 21

1. Codeine
2. Oxycodone
3. Percocet
4. Vicodin ALL OF WHICH act on the CNS and affect perception

Question 22

pain control for severe pain

Answer 22

1. Morphine
2. Demerol
3. Methodome
4. Meperidine
5. Oxycodone ALL OF WHICH act on the CNS; euphoria, and sedation

Question 23

local anesthesia

Answer 23

It blocks the sensory nerve conduction peripherally. * blocks NA K pump, so no action potential can occur

Question 24

general anesthesia

Answer 24

Works on the reticular formation in the brain to shut it down completely

Question 25

spinal anesthesia

Answer 25

It is local anesthesia injected into the subarachnoid or epidural space of the lower spinal cord which blocks nerve conduction below level of injection