stress and pain Flashcards
Physiological response to stress – limbic system
activates emotions
Physiological response to stress – cerebral cortex
conscious thoughts
Physiological response to stress – ADH
increases blood pressure
Physiological response to stress – aldosterone
increases blood pressure
Physiological response to stress – nor epi
decrease blood flow to organs and increases blood pressure
Physiological response to stress – epi
- increase heart rate
- increases blow to muscles AND brain,
- broncodilation, 4. increase blood sugar
- lipolysis (break up of fat)
Physiological response to stress – cortisol
- CSN stimulation (brain)
- protein break down
- increase blood sugar,
- decrease gastric secretions,
- decrease inflam.,
- decrease WBC
What is a stressor ?
any factor that creates a significant change in the body or environment
Stress
the bodys response to a stressor
What are the three stages of the stress response? and what occurs in the stages
- Alarm stage - identify the stressor, hypothalamus s activated
- Resistance stage - You reach a new hemostasis to formulate a new plan, what are you going to do
- Exhaustion - You are unable to mount a stress response, should only be acute
how to handle stress
- Do something you enjoy
- Meditation – 10 mins day proven to decrease cortisol
- Decrease sugar, increase protein, increase healthy fat intake because all of these counteract the stress response
- Execise – based on stage of stress response
- Sleep – time for protein builing, healing ,and brain shuts down
- Therapy – limbic system, helps to sort out emotions and change perspective
- Supplementation or medications
what is pain?
A warning signal from the body that injury has occurred or it is about to
what is pain threshold?
The level of stimulation required to activate the nerve endings enough so that they experience pain
what is somatic pain
Cutaneous tissue pain, and travels along the sensory nerve fibers to brain
what is visceral pain
Organ pain, travels along the SNS fibers which activate the stress response
what is neuropathic pain
Nerve pain, feels like “hot and wet”
what is referred pain
Visceral that is felt like somatic pain and is caused by the two types of fibers meeting at the same place in the spinal cord and the brain doesn’t recongize the difference
Once pain signal reachs the brain it goes through a varity of areas each with different functions, what are the areas? And what are their functions?
- Reticular formation – it is the brain stem, and the brain has an awareness that pain exists
- Thalamus – mail room, and is the sorting region of the brain
- Somatosensory cortex – locates and perceives pain and the quality of the pain
- Hypothalamus – stress response
- Limbic system
what is phantom pain
Usually occurs in those who have had an amputation, and feels like ichy.
pain control for mild pain
- ASA – decreases pain at perpherial site
- Acetaminophen – antipyretic
- NSAIDS- asa and nsaids are anti-inflammatory
pain control for moderate pain
- Codeine
- Oxycodone
- Percocet
- Vicodin ALL OF WHICH act on the CNS and affect perception
pain control for severe pain
- Morphine
- Demerol
- Methodome
- Meperidine
- Oxycodone ALL OF WHICH act on the CNS; euphoria, and sedation
local anesthesia
It blocks the sensory nerve conduction peripherally. * blocks NA K pump, so no action potential can occur
general anesthesia
Works on the reticular formation in the brain to shut it down completely
spinal anesthesia
It is local anesthesia injected into the subarachnoid or epidural space of the lower spinal cord which blocks nerve conduction below level of injection
