Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

deviation from homeostasis.

can be social, environmental, mental or physical

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

constant, stable environment.

mechanism used to control such as monitoring blood sugar, pH mechanisms.

Question 3

diagnosis

Answer 3

how do you come up with one?
you need S&S, make a list and use S&S (sub and obj data) to come up with the list of the possibilities, and use test to start knocking the diagnosis off until you are down to the one

Question 4

diagnosis of exclusion

Answer 4

ruling out all conditions until left with one

Question 5

etiology

Answer 5

what causes the disease.
some diseases, the etiology is unknown.
factors effecting etiology: genetics, microorganisms, maliency, nutrition, smoking, stress, diet

Question 6

idiopathic

Answer 6

cause is unknown - hasn’t been found

Question 7

iatrogenic

Answer 7

anything that caused by medical intervention.

ex. nonsarcomal infection, prescription error, not reading order correctly, allergy to medication

Question 8

predisposing factors

Answer 8

something you have or are exposed to that makes you more likely to get a specific disease.
ex. smoking, genetics, lifestyle

Question 9

prevention

Answer 9

hand washing, vaccinations

Question 10

pathogenesis

Answer 10

disease from the beginning. the development of the disease.

Question 11

pathophysiology

Answer 11

study of abnormal physiology.
everything you know about the disease.
Includes:
1. pathogenesis
2. etiology
3. treatment
4. manifestations

Question 12

acute

Answer 12

fast, rapid onset. less than 6 mths in length.

ex. strep throat

Question 13

chronic

Answer 13

insidious onset, more than 6 mths in length.

ex. cancer

Question 14

subclinical

Answer 14

does not fit the diagnostic criteria.
early stages of the disease where no manifestations occur.
ex. plaque in arteries can be there for years and not even know it.

Question 15

latent

Answer 15

no clinical signs of a dsease but you have the disease.

also called incubation period with infectious disease.

Question 16

prodromal

Answer 16

malaise feeling

Question 17

manifestations

Answer 17

observable terms of the disease. they are objective and subjected data gathered.

Question 18

lesion

Answer 18

change in tissue either internal or external

Question 19

syndrome

Answer 19

collection of S&S that tend to occur together.

Question 20

remission and exacerbation

Answer 20

periods of good and bad.
common with patients with autoimmune disease.
ex. RA

Question 21

precipitating factor

Answer 21

something that brings on an acute episode of a pre-existing disease.
ex. seizure - flashing lights

Question 22

complication

Answer 22

an additional problem that arose from a disease.
ex. type 1 diabetics, poorly controlled, loses foot - it is a known complication, doing it to yourself kinda, could have been preventable if you took better care.

Question 23

sequelae

Answer 23

potential unwanted outcome of a disease.
ex. sneeze and blow blood vessel.
differs from complication sorta, because the sequelae is a known complication but not as preventable as a complication

Question 24

convalescence

Answer 24

recovery period - h/w not always back to original homeostasis

Question 25

epidemiology

Answer 25

science of tracking the disease.

ex. what type of flu will hit

Question 26

morbidity

Answer 26

ds rate in given population .

ex. 1 in 3 women in CDN will have breast cancer

Question 27

mortality

Answer 27

of relative deaths from disease in a given population

Question 28

occurrence

Answer 28

ds rate in given population

Question 29

prevalence

Answer 29

of new and old cases in a given population in a stated time frame

Question 30

dysplasia

Answer 30

abnormal cells.
ex, pap smear.
how differentiated are the cells

Question 31

anaplasia

Answer 31

level of undifferentation in a tissue sample.

more undifferentation, more anaplasia

Question 32

anginogenesis

Answer 32

growing their own blood supply to feed cancer cells

Question 33

neoplasm

Answer 33

new growth
tumor - either benign or cancer.
determination of benign or cancer is by undifferentation

Question 34

carcinogenesis

Answer 34

how normal cells become cancer cells

Question 35

prognosis

Answer 35

what can you expect from a disease and how likely you are to die from it.
should always be facts.
ex. 25% of ppl with this disease die.

Question 36

atrophy

Answer 36

shrinking of cells.
reasons: dehydration, age, lack of use (nerve stimulation)
fat cells - they shrink and expanded rather than lose them.
- temporary change.
- good adaption

Question 37

hyperatrophy

Answer 37

increase in cellular size
temporary change
good adaption

Question 38

hyperplasia

Answer 38

increase in cell number (usually something has gone wrong, except in pregnancy that is normal)
why?
to fight infection
good because it is the bodies response to protection, except with cancer.
- if cell replication occurs in excess, the chances of cancer increases because of the increase chance of replication mutations.

Question 39

metaplasia

Answer 39

one normal function mature cell type replaced by another normal functioning mature cell type.
ex. lung cancer.
metaplasia occurs in smokers to protect the person, except while the change occurs mutation and replication occurs and cancer changes also increase