Infections

Question 1

bacteria

Answer 1

• unicellular, do not require living tissue to survive.-
• rigid outer cell wall (gram + & - stain)
• semi permeable membrane, external slime layer and flagella
• capable of secreting toxins/enzymes
• replicate into spores (resistance to heat, disinfection, and other extremes

Question 2

exotoxins

Answer 2

gram positive bacteria secrete exotoxins

Question 3

endotoxins

Answer 3

found inside cell wall of gram negative bacteria

Question 4

viruses

Answer 4

• small, obligate, intracellular parasites that require living cells for replication
• infection -> find cell + bind, inject itself into cell, uses nuclear machine to replicate using genetic material and than break cell (lysis) to get out

Question 5

fungi

Answer 5

• ubiquitous (everywhere)
• growth promoted by warmth and moisture
• reproduce via spore production
• few are pathogenic
• fungi feed on sugar
• hard to kill
• cant all make you sick
• internal fungi infections are easier gotten by immune suppressed people

Question 6

chlamydiae

Answer 6

• causes chlamydia
• it is a bacteria, very primitive (dinosaur bacteria).
• easy to treat

Question 7

rickettsiae

Answer 7

• gram negative bacteria, intracellular parasites, need living cell to survive
• bacteria with cell wall but has viral properties
• vector (tick of mosquito) ex. lime disease

Question 8

mycoplasma

Answer 8

• bacteria, no cell wall
• causes phemomnia
• hard to treat with antibiotics

Question 9

protozoa

Answer 9

• parasite, complex organisms, like scabies

- can live independent, can jump from person to person.

Question 10

helminths

Answer 10

parasite worms

Question 11

resident flora

Answer 11

• generally doesn’t make us sick unless you are immune suppressed person, or you move it from its location.

Question 12

Areas with Flora

Answer 12

skin, nasopharynx, colon, moth, rectum, vagina, perineum, distal rectum, urethra

Question 13

Areas without Flora

Answer 13

blood, CSF, lungs, stomach, reproductive organs, bladder, kidney

Question 14

Transmission of Infectious agents

Answer 14

1. direct- mother to fetus, sexual transmission, direct contact
2. indirect - involves intermitter ex. door knob is intermitter
3. droplet - someone’s sneeze
4. vector borne - vector required ex living creature

Question 15

Host Resistance

Answer 15

increase risk factors:
age (elderly and infants)
malnutrition (protein)
immune compromised
transplant
genetics
stress
diabetes
corticosteroids
foreign insertion
burn victims
break in skin

Question 16

development of infection

Answer 16

1. gain entry
2. incubation (replication)
3. prodromal period (malaise)
4. acute period
5. convalescence of chronic infection

Question 17

septicemia

Answer 17

systemic infections - overwhelming, life threating infection

Question 18

bactermia

Answer 18

organism into bloodstream

Question 19

local signs of infection

Answer 19

swelling, redness, pain, swollen nodes (lymphadenopathy), purulent exudate

Question 20

systemic signs of infection

Answer 20

fever, headache, leukocytosis (elevated WBC), chills, vomiting

Question 21

Diagnostic Tests for infections

Answer 21

WBC count
staining
monocytosis (monocytes and neutrophils come to infection firsts - signs of new infection)
C&S
xray (pheumonia)
septum sample

Question 22

Treatments of Infections

Answer 22

1. antibiotics - punctures cell wall
2. antiviral - prevent replication
3. antifungal - make it more permeable - fungal resemble own cells
4. interferons - body made - secreted from infected cells which is a shield for other cells to protect them

Question 23

tamaful

Answer 23

shortens virus time there fore decrease replication time

Question 24

leukopenia

Answer 24

decreased WBC