Inflammation & healing

Question 1

normal body defences

Answer 1

either specific or non specific. they are mechanism that prevent you from getting sick

Question 2

non specific defences

Answer 2

protect against anything
2nd line defence
phagocytosis - neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria
ex. interferon’s

Question 3

specific defences

Answer 3

3rd line defence
only protects against specific things
production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following expose to substance.
ex. chicken pock virus antibodies will only protect against chicken pock

Question 4

Inflammation

Answer 4

normal process, but can go crazy
purpose - to localize and remove injurious agents
occurs anytime there is tissue damage
can be immediate, delayed or prolonged
definition - it is the bodies non specific defence response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, warmth, swelling, pain and possible loss of function

Question 5

local effects of inflammation

Answer 5

• erythema (redness) - vasodilation, hyperemia
• edema - vasodilation, increase permeability therefor increase interstitial fluid
• warmth - edema compressing nerves, and other chemical mediators
• exudate
• lymphadenopathy (swollen nodes)
• loss of function - lack of nutrients to cells, or swelling interferes mechanically to restrict movement

Question 6

cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 6

heat, swelling & pain

Question 7

systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 7

• wont always have systemic effects
• mild pyrexia, malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia
• pyrexia is there when inflammation is extensive and results from release of pyrogens

Question 8

pathophysiology of inflammation response

Answer 8

ACUTE

1. injury to tissue (burn, cut, stab, crush)
2. mast cells release histamine
3. effects of histamine
4. in acute, its over …

Question 9

effects of histamine

Answer 9

vasodilation
hyperemia ( increase blood flow to area)
increased cap permeability (stuff leaves to help out, fibrin)

Question 10

pathogensis of pyrexia

Answer 10

• increase body temp makes the body inhostibile to bacteria.
  1. WBC arrive @ infected area, they release pyrogens which go to hypothalamus and hypothalamus does the increase by:
• cutaneous vasodilation (constriction of skin vessels which reroute blood to core)
• increase HR
• increase BMR (cellular metabolism)
• baby w fever, curls up fetal position

Question 11

non specific defences

Answer 11

• fluid (mucous, tears, stomach acid, saliva, vaginal and seminal fluid)
• phagocytosis
• inflammation

Question 12

specific defences

Answer 12

• specific antibodies sensitized to substances
• vaccinations
• baby being breastfeed

Question 13

serous exudate

Answer 13

consist primarily of WBC and small amount of protein

ex. allergic reaction in nose, or burn

Question 14

fibinous exudate

Answer 14

thick and sticky and have increase cell and fibrin content. this type of exudate increases the risk of scar tissue. looks thick and colour between serous and purulent

Question 15

purulent

Answer 15

thick, yellow, greenish in colour, contains leukocytes, cell debris and microorganism. typically indicated bacterial infection

Question 16

abscess

Answer 16

localized pocket of purulent exudate

Question 17

hemmorragic excudate

Answer 17

bloody

Question 18

chronic inflammation

Answer 18

• less swelling and exudate but increase presence of macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts
• more tissue destruction and scar tissue
• may develop after acute when cause is not completely eradicated
• granuloma formation (scar tissue enclosure around infection

Question 19

treatment of inflammation

Answer 19

• NSAIDS: ibuprofen (advil, motron)
• glucocorticords (synthetic form of cortisone)
• biological meds (similar to chemo drugs and they whip out immune system ex. methotraxa - used for leukemia)

Question 20

healing process - 6 steps

Answer 20

1. blood clot
2. removal of foreign debris via infl. and phagocytosis
3. granulation of tissue
4. mitosis of epithelial of cells
5. angiogenesis
6. cross linking of collagen fibres

Question 21

complications of incorrect healing

Answer 21

• loss of function - scar tissue doesn’t act like regular skin
• contractures - scar tissue shrinks, pulling in unnatural position
• obstuctions
• adhesion - joining 2 surfaces that shouldn’t be
• keloid formation - more pigment skin (darker) more chance of formation
• ulcerations - scar tissue, decrease blood supply to help heal

Question 22

healing - resolution

Answer 22

• occurs in minimal tissue damage
• damage cells recover and return to normal within a short period
  ex. sun burn

Question 23

healing - regeneration

Answer 23

• occurs in damage tissue in which cells are capable of mitosis
• epithelial cells replicate constantly where as hepatocytes undergo mitosis
• this type of healing may be limited if organization of complex tissue is altered

Question 24

healing - replacement

Answer 24

• by connective tissue ( scar or fibrous tissue form in extensive damage
• healing 1st intention - surgical incision
• healing 2nd intention - large break, increase inflammation and longer healing tie there more scar tissue formed
  ex. compound fracture

Question 25

promotion of good healing

Answer 25

youth
good nutrition, v A and C
adequate hemoglobin
effective circulation
clean, undistributed wound
no infection or future trauma to site