Inflammation & healing Flashcards
normal body defences
either specific or non specific. they are mechanism that prevent you from getting sick
non specific defences
protect against anything
2nd line defence
phagocytosis - neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria
ex. interferon’s
specific defences
3rd line defence
only protects against specific things
production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following expose to substance.
ex. chicken pock virus antibodies will only protect against chicken pock
Inflammation
normal process, but can go crazy
purpose - to localize and remove injurious agents
occurs anytime there is tissue damage
can be immediate, delayed or prolonged
definition - it is the bodies non specific defence response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, warmth, swelling, pain and possible loss of function
local effects of inflammation
- erythema (redness) - vasodilation, hyperemia
- edema - vasodilation, increase permeability therefor increase interstitial fluid
- warmth - edema compressing nerves, and other chemical mediators
- exudate
- lymphadenopathy (swollen nodes)
- loss of function - lack of nutrients to cells, or swelling interferes mechanically to restrict movement
cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, swelling & pain
systemic effects of inflammation
- wont always have systemic effects
- mild pyrexia, malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia
- pyrexia is there when inflammation is extensive and results from release of pyrogens
pathophysiology of inflammation response
ACUTE
- injury to tissue (burn, cut, stab, crush)
- mast cells release histamine
- effects of histamine
- in acute, its over …
effects of histamine
vasodilation
hyperemia ( increase blood flow to area)
increased cap permeability (stuff leaves to help out, fibrin)
pathogensis of pyrexia
- increase body temp makes the body inhostibile to bacteria.
1. WBC arrive @ infected area, they release pyrogens which go to hypothalamus and hypothalamus does the increase by: - cutaneous vasodilation (constriction of skin vessels which reroute blood to core)
- increase HR
- increase BMR (cellular metabolism)
- baby w fever, curls up fetal position
non specific defences
- fluid (mucous, tears, stomach acid, saliva, vaginal and seminal fluid)
- phagocytosis
- inflammation
specific defences
- specific antibodies sensitized to substances
- vaccinations
- baby being breastfeed
serous exudate
consist primarily of WBC and small amount of protein
ex. allergic reaction in nose, or burn
fibinous exudate
thick and sticky and have increase cell and fibrin content. this type of exudate increases the risk of scar tissue. looks thick and colour between serous and purulent
purulent
thick, yellow, greenish in colour, contains leukocytes, cell debris and microorganism. typically indicated bacterial infection
abscess
localized pocket of purulent exudate
hemmorragic excudate
bloody
chronic inflammation
- less swelling and exudate but increase presence of macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts
- more tissue destruction and scar tissue
- may develop after acute when cause is not completely eradicated
- granuloma formation (scar tissue enclosure around infection
treatment of inflammation
- NSAIDS: ibuprofen (advil, motron)
- glucocorticords (synthetic form of cortisone)
- biological meds (similar to chemo drugs and they whip out immune system ex. methotraxa - used for leukemia)
healing process - 6 steps
- blood clot
- removal of foreign debris via infl. and phagocytosis
- granulation of tissue
- mitosis of epithelial of cells
- angiogenesis
- cross linking of collagen fibres
complications of incorrect healing
- loss of function - scar tissue doesn’t act like regular skin
- contractures - scar tissue shrinks, pulling in unnatural position
- obstuctions
- adhesion - joining 2 surfaces that shouldn’t be
- keloid formation - more pigment skin (darker) more chance of formation
- ulcerations - scar tissue, decrease blood supply to help heal
healing - resolution
- occurs in minimal tissue damage
- damage cells recover and return to normal within a short period
ex. sun burn
healing - regeneration
- occurs in damage tissue in which cells are capable of mitosis
- epithelial cells replicate constantly where as hepatocytes undergo mitosis
- this type of healing may be limited if organization of complex tissue is altered
healing - replacement
- by connective tissue ( scar or fibrous tissue form in extensive damage
- healing 1st intention - surgical incision
- healing 2nd intention - large break, increase inflammation and longer healing tie there more scar tissue formed
ex. compound fracture
promotion of good healing
youth good nutrition, v A and C adequate hemoglobin effective circulation clean, undistributed wound no infection or future trauma to site