fluid and electrolye imbalances

Question 1

what are the functions of water?

Answer 1

1. major component in both intra & extracellular spaces
2. medium for metabolic processes
3. transportation - carries nutrients and removes waste
4. facilitates movements of joints, lungs, and heart

Question 2

fluid compartments

Answer 2

• approx. 60% of body composed of water.
• females (b/c they have more fat than man), the obese and elderly have less water.
• ICF (intercellular fluid - major)
• ECF (extracellular[outside of the cell] - intravascular, interstitial [b/w cells], CSF, trans cellular [around joints])

Question 3

what are the 3 mechanisms to maintain fluid balance

Answer 3

1. thirst mechanism
2. ADH
3. aldosterone

Question 4

what is the thirst mechanism

Answer 4

it is in the hypothalamus, the osmoreceptors cells of which sense the internal environment, both fluid volume and concentration, and the promote the intake of fluid when needed

Question 5

what is the ADH mechanisms

Answer 5

• controls the amount of fluid leaving the body.
• adh promotes reabsorption of water into the blood from the kidney tubules
• low ADH means dilute urine
• high ADH means concentrated urine

Question 6

what is the aldosterone mechanism

Answer 6

• aldosterone is a hormone released from pituitary gland, made in hypothalamus.
• it determines the reabsorption of both sodium ions and water from the kidney tubules.
• this hormone converses fluid loss when there is a deficiency.
• stimulus for RAAS: low NA, or high K

Question 7

water moves between blood vessels and compartments through cap membranes, and this movement is dependant on??

Answer 7

1. hydrostatic pressure - push force out

2. osmotic pressure - pull force in

Question 8

hypotonic solutions

Answer 8

contain less solute than plasma which will cause water to leave the solution and enter the area of higher concentration, this resulting in cells swelling or expanding.

Question 9

why would there be an obstruction in the lymph vessels?

Answer 9

• tumors
• mastectomy
• node removal

Question 10

lymphatic system is like the back door for drainage, if there is a block, what will occur?

Answer 10

edema

Question 11

what is edema?

Answer 11

edema is a excess fluid in the interstitial compartments resulting in enlargement of tissues

Question 12

to help shift water between compartments, we can use these which eventual water follows?

Answer 12

electrolytes

Question 13

etiological factors of edema

Answer 13

1. increase cap permeability - when in perm, more fluid moves into IS space
2. obstruction in lymph vessel - obstruction to the back door drain system
3. increase hydrostatic pressure - higher atrial pressure than venous pressure means more leaking from cap into IS than coming back than is being removed
4. loss of plasma proteins - with fewer proteins in cap, it allows more fluid to leave cap and less fluid to return at venous end.

Question 14

what are the effects of edema

Answer 14

1. swelling
2. pitting
3. increase in body weight
4. function impairment
5. pain

Question 15

dehydration

Answer 15

• 5 to 7 L fluid in body
• mild dehydration 2% loss of TF
• severe dehydration 8% loss of TF
• results in a loss of electrolytes, proteins, as well as a decreased blood volume

Question 16

etiological factors of dehydration

Answer 16

vomiting
diarrhea
sweating
insufficient intake of fluid
diabetic ketone acidosis

Question 17

keytones are the result of

Answer 17

fat breakdown

Question 18

what happens when the body compensates for dehydration?

Answer 18

• cutaneous vasoconstriction (resulting in pale, cool skin)

Question 19

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 19

• helps put calcium into blood.

- weak bones happen when you don’t eat enough calcium, and calcium is removed from the bones

Question 20

what does vD promote?

Answer 20

vC into bones

Question 21

function of sodium in the body

Answer 21

1. nerve impulses

2. important in maintenance of extracellular fluid volume through osmotic pressure,

Question 22

effects of dehydration

Answer 22

dry mouth
decrease skin turgor
low BP
fatigue
head ache
confusion
increase HR
thirst
concentrated urine

Question 23

etiological factors of hyponatremia

Answer 23

• direct loss of sodium from body
• excess of water in the extracellular compartments
  1. excessive sweating
  2. diuretics
  3. hormonal imbalances
  4. early chronic renal failure

Question 24

etiological factors of hypernatremia

Answer 24

• large ingestion of sodium
  1. insufficient ADH - results in large volume of dilute urine (diabetes insipidus)
  2. loss of thirst mechanism
  3. watery diarrhea
  4. prolonged periods of rapid respiration

Question 25

etiological factors of hypokalemia

Answer 25

diarrhea diuretics eating disorders

Question 26

etiological factors of hyperkalemia

Answer 26

potassium sparing diuretics renal failure deficient aldosterone

Question 27

what is the function of potassium in the body

Answer 27

nerve conduction regulation of intracellular fluid volume ** potassium levels are influenced by acid base imbalances ; acidosis tens to shift potassium ions out of cell and into extracellular fluid, and alkosis teds to move more potassium into the cell *** determining membrane potential

Question 28

manifestations of hypoatrenmia

Answer 28

fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort, N&V

Question 29

manifestations of hyperatremia

Answer 29

edema, dry mouth, increase BP, weak, lethargy, thirty

Question 30

manifestations of hypokalemia

Answer 30

cardiac arrhythmia, fatigue, muscle twitching, leg cramp, postural hypotension, polyuria, alkalosis

Question 31

manifestations of hyperkalemia

Answer 31

cardia arrhythmia, muscle weakness, paraethesia - fingers, toes, face, tongue

Question 32

function of calcium in the body

Answer 32

bone strength nerve conduction muscle contractions metabolic process

Question 33

etiological factors of hypocalcaemia

Answer 33

hypoparathyriodism

Question 34

etiological factors of hypercalciema

Answer 34

increased parathyroid | milkalky syndrome

Question 35

manifestations of hypocalcaemia

Answer 35

``` tetany tingling fingers confusion arrhythmia weak heart contractions ```

Question 36

manifestations of hypercalciema

Answer 36

``` lethargy anorexia constipation kidney stones prolonged cardiac contractions ```