immunity and abnormal response

Question 1

antigen

Answer 1

foreign substance, microbes or component of cell that stimulates immune response

Question 2

antibodies

Answer 2

specific protein in humoral response to bind with antigen

antibodies = immunoglobins

Question 3

autoantobody

Answer 3

antibody against self antigens: attack own tissues

Question 4

thymus

Answer 4

gland located in mediastinum. LG in children and SM in adults. site of maturation and proliferation of thymphocytes

Question 5

lymphatic tissue and organs

Answer 5

contains many lymphocytes. filters body fluid remove foreign matter and immune response

Question 6

bone marrow

Answer 6

source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes

Question 7

neurtrophils

Answer 7

WBC for phagocytosis; non specific defence; active in inflammation response

Question 8

basophils

Answer 8

WBC: bind IgE, release histamine in anaphylaxis

Question 9

eosinphils

Answer 9

WBC: participate in allergic responses and defence against parasites

Question 10

monocytes

Answer 10

WBC: migrate from blood into tissue and become marcophages

Question 11

mast cells

Answer 11

release chemical mediates such as histamine in connective tissue

Question 12

B lymphocytes

Answer 12

humoral immunity - activated cells become an antibody producing plasma cells or B memory cells

Question 13

plasma cells

Answer 13

develop from B lymphocytes to produce and secrete specific antibodies

Question 14

T lymphocytes

Answer 14

WBC; cell mediated immunity

Question 15

cytotoxic or killer t cells

Answer 15

destroy antigens, cancer cells and virus infected cells

Question 16

memory t cells

Answer 16

remember antigens and quickly stimulate immune response on re exposure

Question 17

helper t cell

Answer 17

activate B and T cells; control or limit immune response

Question 18

NK lymphocytes

Answer 18

natural killer cells destroy foreign cells, virus infected and cancer cells

Question 19

histamine

Answer 19

released from mast cells + basophils, particularly in allergic reaction.

Question 20

antibodies bind to specific matching ……. and destroy it

Answer 20

antigens

Question 21

B cells are matured where?

Answer 21

bone marroow

Question 22

t cells are matured where?

Answer 22

thymus

Question 23

b cells make ?

Answer 23

antibodies

Question 24

t cells

Answer 24

cytotoxic (CD8) - kills antigens
helper t cells (CD4) - most important immune cell. needs to be present to activate immunity
suppressor - stops when there as been enough action

Question 25

which type of cells does HIV whip out?

Answer 25

helper T cell

Question 26

when something foreign enters the body you have this?

Answer 26

either T or B cell response

Question 27

T cells respond too?

Answer 27

``` fungi intracellular virus tumor contact dermatitis skin/organ grafts ```

Question 28

B cells respond too?

Answer 28

``` bacteria extracellular virus resp/GI pathogens allergens blood transfusions ```

Question 29

T & B cell response is stimulated in the ?

Answer 29

lymph nodes

Question 30

when antibodies see ..... these, it binds and marks them for destruction

Answer 30

antigens

Question 31

complement system

Answer 31

destroys antigen-antibody complexes

Question 32

acquiring immunity

Answer 32

- immune response has 2 steps. | - primary, and secondary

Question 33

primary exposure

Answer 33

you see the antigen, you are NOT immune. memory cells create when you see.

Question 34

secondary exposure

Answer 34

memory cells help to kill on 2nd exposure to antigen

Question 35

humoral immunity

Answer 35

- B cells - slow process - antibodies see antigen, mark them for destruction and complement system kills them - remaining antibodies go off and become memory cells - have the ability to recognize them floating around

Question 36

cell mediated immunity

Answer 36

- t cells - cytotoxic t cells, replicate and mutate itself specifically to that antigen, you know have CD8 specific cells - in order for t cells to recognize the antigen it has to be bound to one of our own cells. antigen presenting cells, they bring antigens to the cytotoxic t cell

Question 37

hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 37

an over reaction or failure to maintain self tolerance (doesn't recognize MHC)

Question 38

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Answer 38

- allergy - occurs after prior sensitization with allergen and production of IgE (only in allergens) antibodes - they go off to tisuses and bind to mast cells instead of antigens. they bind and mast cells explode and release histamines

Question 39

Severe Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Answer 39

``` anaphylaxis shock - low BP - vasodilation - hives - swelling in bronchiole antihistamine to block reaction ```

Question 40

epipen

Answer 40

contains epinephrine - and simply constricts vasodilation

Question 41

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

Answer 41

- cytotoxic reaction - occurs when Ag found on cell membrance (can be self of foreign) ex. when A blood person get B blood, AG of B blood destroyed by A antobodies

Question 42

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

Answer 42

- immune complex - big infection, creates lots of Ag therefor you need lots of antibodies, which creates a lot of Ag-antibody complexes. - because complement system cant keep up with the complexes, they can go off into tissues and cause inflammation and therefor tissue destruction occurs when complements finally arrive

Question 43

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Answer 43

- delayed hypersensitivity 24 - 48 hrs - t cells - allergen to something touched - contact dermatitis ex. poison ivy - first contact with oil, gets into epi, dermis, and lymphatic nodes and just waits - 2nd exposure - t cells recognize and react

Question 44

autoimmune diseases

Answer 44

body develops antibodies to itself and therefor attacks itself

Question 45

4 theories of why auto immune diseases occur

Answer 45

1. type 3 hypersensitivity 2. molecular mimicry (look alike cells) 3. loss of self tolerance ( immune doesn't recognize own MHC) 4. loss of suppressor t cell function

Question 46

how do you treat autoimmune diseases?

Answer 46

steroids only

Question 47

How HIV Develops

Answer 47

step 1 - gain entry (HIV has to enter bloodstream) - last between2 wks to 6 months and lives in CD4 helper t cells step 2 - HIV + Ab present, virus in blood (called viral load), symptoms: malaise step 3 - AIDS (syndrome caused by HIV). to be considered with AIDS a)low CD4 count b)elevated viral load c)1 or more AIDS specific illness - TB, herpes simplex, candidiasis, anorexia, dermatitis