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Pathophysiology > immunity and abnormal response > Flashcards

immunity and abnormal response Flashcards

1
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance, microbes or component of cell that stimulates immune response

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2
Q

antibodies

A

specific protein in humoral response to bind with antigen

antibodies = immunoglobins

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3
Q

autoantobody

A

antibody against self antigens: attack own tissues

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4
Q

thymus

A

gland located in mediastinum. LG in children and SM in adults. site of maturation and proliferation of thymphocytes

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5
Q

lymphatic tissue and organs

A

contains many lymphocytes. filters body fluid remove foreign matter and immune response

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6
Q

bone marrow

A

source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes

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7
Q

neurtrophils

A

WBC for phagocytosis; non specific defence; active in inflammation response

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8
Q

basophils

A

WBC: bind IgE, release histamine in anaphylaxis

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9
Q

eosinphils

A

WBC: participate in allergic responses and defence against parasites

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10
Q

monocytes

A

WBC: migrate from blood into tissue and become marcophages

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11
Q

mast cells

A

release chemical mediates such as histamine in connective tissue

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12
Q

B lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity - activated cells become an antibody producing plasma cells or B memory cells

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13
Q

plasma cells

A

develop from B lymphocytes to produce and secrete specific antibodies

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14
Q

T lymphocytes

A

WBC; cell mediated immunity

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15
Q

cytotoxic or killer t cells

A

destroy antigens, cancer cells and virus infected cells

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16
Q

memory t cells

A

remember antigens and quickly stimulate immune response on re exposure

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17
Q

helper t cell

A

activate B and T cells; control or limit immune response

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18
Q

NK lymphocytes

A

natural killer cells destroy foreign cells, virus infected and cancer cells

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19
Q

histamine

A

released from mast cells + basophils, particularly in allergic reaction.

20
Q

antibodies bind to specific matching ……. and destroy it

A

antigens

21
Q

B cells are matured where?

A

bone marroow

22
Q

t cells are matured where?

A

thymus

23
Q

b cells make ?

A

antibodies

24
Q

t cells

A

cytotoxic (CD8) - kills antigens
helper t cells (CD4) - most important immune cell. needs to be present to activate immunity
suppressor - stops when there as been enough action

25
Q

which type of cells does HIV whip out?

A

helper T cell

26
Q

when something foreign enters the body you have this?

A

either T or B cell response

27
Q

T cells respond too?

A 
fungi
intracellular virus
tumor
contact dermatitis
skin/organ grafts
28
Q

B cells respond too?

A 
bacteria
extracellular virus
resp/GI pathogens
allergens
blood transfusions
29
Q

T & B cell response is stimulated in the ?

A

lymph nodes

30
Q

when antibodies see ….. these, it binds and marks them for destruction

A

antigens

31
Q

complement system

A

destroys antigen-antibody complexes

32
Q

acquiring immunity

A
  • immune response has 2 steps.

- primary, and secondary

33
Q

primary exposure

A

you see the antigen, you are NOT immune. memory cells create when you see.

34
Q

secondary exposure

A

memory cells help to kill on 2nd exposure to antigen

35
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • B cells
  • slow process
  • antibodies see antigen, mark them for destruction and complement system kills them
  • remaining antibodies go off and become memory cells
  • have the ability to recognize them floating around
36
Q

cell mediated immunity

A
  • t cells
  • cytotoxic t cells, replicate and mutate itself specifically to that antigen, you know have CD8 specific cells
  • in order for t cells to recognize the antigen it has to be bound to one of our own cells. antigen presenting cells, they bring antigens to the cytotoxic t cell
37
Q

hypersensitivity reaction

A

an over reaction or failure to maintain self tolerance (doesn’t recognize MHC)

38
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A
  • allergy
  • occurs after prior sensitization with allergen and production of IgE (only in allergens) antibodes
  • they go off to tisuses and bind to mast cells instead of antigens. they bind and mast cells explode and release histamines
39
Q

Severe Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A 
anaphylaxis shock 
- low BP - vasodilation
- hives
- swelling in bronchiole
antihistamine to block reaction
40
Q

epipen

A

contains epinephrine - and simply constricts vasodilation

41
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

A
  • cytotoxic reaction
  • occurs when Ag found on cell membrance (can be self of foreign)
    ex. when A blood person get B blood, AG of B blood destroyed by A antobodies
42
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

A
  • immune complex
  • big infection, creates lots of Ag therefor you need lots of antibodies, which creates a lot of Ag-antibody complexes.
  • because complement system cant keep up with the complexes, they can go off into tissues and cause inflammation and therefor tissue destruction occurs when complements finally arrive
43
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

A
  • delayed hypersensitivity 24 - 48 hrs
  • t cells
  • allergen to something touched - contact dermatitis ex. poison ivy
  • first contact with oil, gets into epi, dermis, and lymphatic nodes and just waits
  • 2nd exposure - t cells recognize and react
44
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

body develops antibodies to itself and therefor attacks itself

45
Q

4 theories of why auto immune diseases occur

A
  1. type 3 hypersensitivity
  2. molecular mimicry (look alike cells)
  3. loss of self tolerance ( immune doesn’t recognize own MHC)
  4. loss of suppressor t cell function
46
Q

how do you treat autoimmune diseases?

A

steroids only

47
Q

How HIV Develops

A

step 1 - gain entry (HIV has to enter bloodstream) - last between2 wks to 6 months and lives in CD4 helper t cells
step 2 - HIV + Ab present, virus in blood (called viral load), symptoms: malaise
step 3 - AIDS (syndrome caused by HIV). to be considered with AIDS
a)low CD4 count
b)elevated viral load
c)1 or more AIDS specific illness
- TB, herpes simplex, candidiasis, anorexia, dermatitis

Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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