immunity and abnormal response Flashcards
antigen
foreign substance, microbes or component of cell that stimulates immune response
antibodies
specific protein in humoral response to bind with antigen
antibodies = immunoglobins
autoantobody
antibody against self antigens: attack own tissues
thymus
gland located in mediastinum. LG in children and SM in adults. site of maturation and proliferation of thymphocytes
lymphatic tissue and organs
contains many lymphocytes. filters body fluid remove foreign matter and immune response
bone marrow
source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes
neurtrophils
WBC for phagocytosis; non specific defence; active in inflammation response
basophils
WBC: bind IgE, release histamine in anaphylaxis
eosinphils
WBC: participate in allergic responses and defence against parasites
monocytes
WBC: migrate from blood into tissue and become marcophages
mast cells
release chemical mediates such as histamine in connective tissue
B lymphocytes
humoral immunity - activated cells become an antibody producing plasma cells or B memory cells
plasma cells
develop from B lymphocytes to produce and secrete specific antibodies
T lymphocytes
WBC; cell mediated immunity
cytotoxic or killer t cells
destroy antigens, cancer cells and virus infected cells
memory t cells
remember antigens and quickly stimulate immune response on re exposure
helper t cell
activate B and T cells; control or limit immune response
NK lymphocytes
natural killer cells destroy foreign cells, virus infected and cancer cells
histamine
released from mast cells + basophils, particularly in allergic reaction.
antibodies bind to specific matching ……. and destroy it
antigens
B cells are matured where?
bone marroow
t cells are matured where?
thymus
b cells make ?
antibodies
t cells
cytotoxic (CD8) - kills antigens
helper t cells (CD4) - most important immune cell. needs to be present to activate immunity
suppressor - stops when there as been enough action
which type of cells does HIV whip out?
helper T cell
when something foreign enters the body you have this?
either T or B cell response
T cells respond too?
fungi intracellular virus tumor contact dermatitis skin/organ grafts
B cells respond too?
bacteria extracellular virus resp/GI pathogens allergens blood transfusions
T & B cell response is stimulated in the ?
lymph nodes
when antibodies see ….. these, it binds and marks them for destruction
antigens
complement system
destroys antigen-antibody complexes
acquiring immunity
- immune response has 2 steps.
- primary, and secondary
primary exposure
you see the antigen, you are NOT immune. memory cells create when you see.
secondary exposure
memory cells help to kill on 2nd exposure to antigen
humoral immunity
- B cells
- slow process
- antibodies see antigen, mark them for destruction and complement system kills them
- remaining antibodies go off and become memory cells
- have the ability to recognize them floating around
cell mediated immunity
- t cells
- cytotoxic t cells, replicate and mutate itself specifically to that antigen, you know have CD8 specific cells
- in order for t cells to recognize the antigen it has to be bound to one of our own cells. antigen presenting cells, they bring antigens to the cytotoxic t cell
hypersensitivity reaction
an over reaction or failure to maintain self tolerance (doesn’t recognize MHC)
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
- allergy
- occurs after prior sensitization with allergen and production of IgE (only in allergens) antibodes
- they go off to tisuses and bind to mast cells instead of antigens. they bind and mast cells explode and release histamines
Severe Type 1 Hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis shock - low BP - vasodilation - hives - swelling in bronchiole antihistamine to block reaction
epipen
contains epinephrine - and simply constricts vasodilation
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
- cytotoxic reaction
- occurs when Ag found on cell membrance (can be self of foreign)
ex. when A blood person get B blood, AG of B blood destroyed by A antobodies
Type 3 Hypersensitivity
- immune complex
- big infection, creates lots of Ag therefor you need lots of antibodies, which creates a lot of Ag-antibody complexes.
- because complement system cant keep up with the complexes, they can go off into tissues and cause inflammation and therefor tissue destruction occurs when complements finally arrive
Type 4 Hypersensitivity
- delayed hypersensitivity 24 - 48 hrs
- t cells
- allergen to something touched - contact dermatitis ex. poison ivy
- first contact with oil, gets into epi, dermis, and lymphatic nodes and just waits
- 2nd exposure - t cells recognize and react
autoimmune diseases
body develops antibodies to itself and therefor attacks itself
4 theories of why auto immune diseases occur
- type 3 hypersensitivity
- molecular mimicry (look alike cells)
- loss of self tolerance ( immune doesn’t recognize own MHC)
- loss of suppressor t cell function
how do you treat autoimmune diseases?
steroids only
How HIV Develops
step 1 - gain entry (HIV has to enter bloodstream) - last between2 wks to 6 months and lives in CD4 helper t cells
step 2 - HIV + Ab present, virus in blood (called viral load), symptoms: malaise
step 3 - AIDS (syndrome caused by HIV). to be considered with AIDS
a)low CD4 count
b)elevated viral load
c)1 or more AIDS specific illness
- TB, herpes simplex, candidiasis, anorexia, dermatitis
