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Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

GAS

A

General adaptive syndrome

Selye

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2
Q

adapting to a stressor

GAS

A

alarm reaction- when the stressor is perceived the psychological response is activated for fight or flight
resistance- body trys to adapt by resisting the stressor the parasympathetic nervous system is activated to conserve energy as stress is becoming chronic
exhaustion- body fails to adapt to chronic stressor, resources become drained and symptoms of sympathetic arousal appear again, stress related illnesses now likely-alopecia

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3
Q

research into GAS

selye

A

exposed rats to various stressors, regardless of stressor the same response occurred 6-48 hours after stressor was presented.

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4
Q

research into GAS

Mason

A

replicated selye procsudure using monkeys. exposed them to 7 stressors, different stressors have different effects on urinary cortisol levels

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5
Q

Weaknesses to GAS

A

unethical
extrapolation issues
Mason- individual/gender differences in cortisol/adrenaline levels

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6
Q

strengths of GAS

A

Selye- observed human patients and found they shared common symptoms eg aches and pains no matter the injury. same result with rats. physiological reaction same
practical application to reduce symptoms.

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7
Q

SMP

A

Sympathomedullary pathway

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8
Q

sympathomedullary pathway

SMP

A

hypothalamus triggers activity in the sympathetic nervous system, ACTH is released.
adrenaline and noradrenaline are released into the blood stream
adrenaline and noradrenaline effect the body in different ways eg. heart rate

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9
Q

research in SMP

Taylor et al

A

found acute stressors produce fight or flight response in men however women produce tend and befriend due to women producing more oxytocin which promotes relaxation and nursing

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10
Q

research into SMP

mccarly

A

blood plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were equal in rats of varying ages before subjecting them to an electric shock for one minute. older rats has lower levels after the shock shows older rats hormones decrease so struggle to adapt.

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11
Q

research into SMP

horwatt

A

animals exposed to same stressor everyday for several weeks. SMP started to adapt as catecholamines changed production.

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12
Q

strengths of SMP

A

objective-reliable
fight/flight seen in all mammals- reductionist, generalisable
people without hormones supplements need adrenal glands- practical application

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13
Q

weaknesses of SMP

A

variations of level and type of hormones released-Taylor et al- validity
ignores psychological factors- Lazarus- add conscious thought, not valid
gender differences-Taylor
extrapolation

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14
Q

HPA

A

hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal system

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15
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal system

HPA

A

hypothalamus triggers the release of CRH, this then stimulates the interior pituitary gland and releases ACTH.
ACTH then travels through the body and stimulates the adrenal cortex, the adrenal cortex then releases cortisol that converts protein to glucose giving the blood energy this is needed to replace what was used up by the bodys first reaction to stress
long term effect of high cortisol levels can damage the immune system and negatively impact memory.

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16
Q

Weaknesses of HPA

A

Mason- different individuals produce different levels of stress hormones when exposed same stressor-individual difference
people are more active to cognitive or emotional stressors- Symington et al- conscious terminal cancer patients experienced more stress then those in a coma

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17
Q

strengths of HPA

A

prolonged activation of HPA can lead to crushing’s syndrome-practical application to develop treatment
objective- reliable

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18
Q

Direct effect of stress

A

stress response-glucose in blood-furring of the arteries-heart attach

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19
Q

indirect effect of stress

A

stress-body can’t cope-illness

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20
Q

changes due to stress

A 
increased heart rate 
increased blood pressure 
short of breath 
increased sweating 
slows immune system 
slows digestion 
blood clots 
increased stress hormones 
increased stomach acid 
hormones eg ageing/sex decrease 
increase blood sugar 
blood flows to muscles
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21
Q

immunosuppression

A

chronic stress
stress response-activates HPA- produces cortisol- inhibits production of lymphocytes(white blood cells)- invading viruses make us ill as bacteria isn’t attacked

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22
Q

Research into immune suppression

Kiecolt-Glaser at al

A

blood samples from medical students. (49 males/26 females volunteers) samples taken a month before and during exams. immune functioning assessed by T cell activity. blood sample from month before contained more t-cells then during exams

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23
Q

research into immune suppression

Evans et al

A

students giving mildly stressful presentation had increased sigA(anti-body) suggesting short term stress can beneficial to the functioning to immune system

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24
Q

Cardiovascular disorder

A

sympathetic nervous system constricts blood vessels increasing blood pressure and heart rate- increased heart rate wears away the lining of the blood vessels- increased glucose levels leads to clumps blocking the vessels

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25
Q

research into cardiovascular disorders

williams

A

13000 people completed a 10 question anger scale. 6 years after test people who scored high on anger scale were 2.5x more likely to have a heart attach

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26
Q

research into cardiovascular disorder

cobb and rose

A

compared medical records of air traffic controllers with other air traffic worker. air traffic controllers has higher levels of hypertension

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27
Q

Social readjustment rating scale

Holmes and Rahe

A 
443 potentially stressful events 
used 1000's of medical records 
marriage arbitrary measure of 500 units 
sample of 400 asked to rate stressfulness of each event 
death of a spouse most
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28
Q

research into SRRS

Rahe et al

A

American sailors, found positive correlation between life event and physical illness of 0.118

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29
Q

research into SRRS

stone et al

A

had married couples fill in daily checklist of events daily if undesirable events increased illness often occurred

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30
Q

strengths of SRRS

A

supportive research
real life applications- self help books
predictive power
shows robust signification correlation

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31
Q

weaknesses of SRRS

A

subjective
retrospective data
as evidence is correlation can’t establish direct cause and effect
extraneous variables

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32
Q

Daily hassles and uplifts scale

Kanner et al

A

scale consisting of 117 hassles meansure on 7 categories
135 uplifts on same categories
3 point scale
100 american participants (52 women 48 men)
tested once a month for 10 months

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33
Q

Research into daily hassles and uplifts

Boutteyre at al

A

relationship between daily hassles and mental health of students moving to uni
first year psych students
complete this and becks ABC to measure depression
positive correlation between students suffering from depression and score on daily hassles

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34
Q

research into daily hassles and uplifts

Gervais

A

how daily hassles and uplifts affected job performance for nurses
asked nurses to keep a dairy for a month recording all daily hassles and uplifts
hassles increased job strain while uplifts increased job performance

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35
Q

Weaknesses of daily hassles and uplifts

A

retrospective data
social desirability
correlation-no direct cause and effect

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36
Q

Strengths of daily hassles and uplifts

A

supportive research
cost effective
quantitative data

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37
Q

Why study workplace stress

A

Cost to tax payer
Performance
Presenteeism
Risks to health

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38
Q

Research into role conflict

A

Increase in mothers participation in the workforce but little change in gendered allocation of household tasks

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39
Q

Practical applications of workplace stress

Ritvanen et al

A

Aerobic fitness to reduce psychological stress for teachers
26 participants
Monitored adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, bp, hr, muscle tension and perceived stress
High levels of exercise lower physiological reactions to stress

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40
Q

Practice application to workplace stress

Galantinao

A

Mindfulness
Association of subject reported stress and symptoms in health-care professionals
8 weeks mindfulness training
Reduce symptoms

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41
Q

Factors that contribute to workplace stress

A

Workload

Control

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42
Q

Research into workplace stress

Marmot et al

A

7372 civil servants in London
Longitudinal study-5 years
Self report
Assessed for cardiovascular disease
Controlled extraneous variables e.g.smoking
No correlation between workload and stress
Lower grades of civil servants had more incidents of cardiovascular disease

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43
Q

Research into workplace stress

Johansson et al

A

Difference in stress levels between workers in a sawmill
24 male at a Swedish sawmill
High risk group-little control over work due to machinery involved. All wages dependent on them
Low risk group-more control, greater flexibility, less responsibility
Natural experiment
Adrenaline, ACTH, sickness, absenteeism
High risk adrenaline levels higher, more stress hormones on work days then rest days

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44
Q

Weaknesses of workplace stress

A

Reductionist
Hard to generalise
Karaseks- demands/control model not valid

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45
Q

Strengths of workplace stress

A

Practical applications
Objective research
Marmot-big sample size

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46
Q

Ways of measuring stress

A

Hassles and uplift
Life changes
Skin concordance response

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47
Q

Skin concordance response

A

Measured skin resistance to electricity
Arousal of the autonomic nervous system
Electrode attached to index/ middle finger
As sweat increases so does electricity conducted
Used alongside polygraph

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48
Q

Tonic skin concordance level

A

Baseline
No stimulus
Used to compare

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49
Q

Phasic concordance response

A

Experience a stimulus

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50
Q

Strengths of skin concordance response

A 
Objective 
Can be used for everyone as established baseline 
Useful 
Practical applications 
Cheap
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51
Q

Weaknesses of skin concordance response

A

Can’t be used for stabiles(people who don’t show a physiological response to stress)
Needs a train practitioner
Affected by extraneous variables

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52
Q

Research into skin concordance response

Bakker

A

Results can differ from day to day with same participant

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53
Q

Characteristics of type A personality

A

Impatient
Competitive
Hostile

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54
Q

Characteristics of type B personality

A 
None competitive 
Self confident 
Tolerant 
Reflective 
Relaxed
55
Q

Characteristics of type C personality

A

Sensitive
Perfectionist
Conformist
People pleaser

56
Q

Characteristics of type D personality

A 
Routine 
Shun responsibility 
Obedient 
Prone to worry 
Irritable
57
Q

Research into type A and B personality

Friedman and Rosenman

A

3000 American males
Men medically assessed as CHD free
Structured interview-find personality type
Questions involved reaction to everyday irritations
Later 257 men developed CHD
70% type A personality
Type A have higher levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline

58
Q

Research into type C personality

Dattore et al

A

200 veterans
75 cancer patients rest control group
Complete scale to measure repression of emotions/depression
Cancer patients had greater emotional repression but fewer depression symptoms then control
Supports that Those who repress emotions are less likely to acknowledge they’re depressed

59
Q

Features of hardiness

Kobasa

A

Commitment
Challenge
Control

60
Q

Commitment and hardiness

A

Hardy people throw themselves into all aspects of life rather then standing on the sidelines

61
Q

Challenge and hardiness

A

Hardy people view stressors as opportunity for self-development rather than threats to self-esteem

62
Q

Control and hardiness

A

Hardy people believe that stressful situations can be overcome through their own efforts

63
Q

Research into hardiness

Maddi

A

400 managers/supervisors
Phone company in America
Company went through reorganisation
Decrease in work performance and health of 2/3 of the workforce
1/3 had opposite effect- these scored higher on commitment, control and challenge

64
Q

SIT

A

Stress inoculation therapy

65
Q

SIT

Stress inoculation therapy

A

Cognitive restructuring

Change how people think about themselves and their lives to alter the emotional responses and behaviour

66
Q

Conceptualisation phase

SIT

A

Talk between therapist and client
Establish clients stressor through interview
Looks how client deals with stressor
Identifies things that need to change
Therapist teaches client to break down stressors
Client breaks down the problem

67
Q

Skill acquisition and rehearsal phase

A 
Teaches coping skills 
Skills are matched to clients preferred coping style
Leaning to monitor and use self-talk 
Rehearse skills 
Plan how to cope when stressor occurs
68
Q

Last phase

SIT

A

Real life application
Therapist creates opportunity to apply new skills safely
Transfer into real life
Clients feedback if effectiveness
Therapist involvement reduced
Client helped to prepare for set backs
Clients prepared to consider success is due to their own work

69
Q

Research into SIT and biofeedback

Holroyd et al

A

31 participants
Experiencing chronic tension headaches
To either SIT group, biofeedback or control
Only SIT group improved

70
Q

Strengths of SIT

A

Effective for long term-holroyd et al
Range of situations- patient/ carer
Flexible/change to fit everyone- stage2 litz et al

71
Q

Weaknesses of SIT

A

Demanding
Stigma of therapy
Cultural differences- Taylor et al- American Europeans and American Asians more likely to benefit from social support

72
Q

what do we mean by drug therapy

A 
direct form of treatment 
affects transmission of chemicals 
slows down activity of the central nervous system 
starting point 
short term effects
73
Q

BZs

A

benzodiazepine

74
Q

BZs

benzodiazepine

A

lessen anxiety
reduce arousal of central nervous system
enhance action of neurotransmitters

75
Q

how BZs work

A

GABA receptor site on post synaptic neurone is inactive and chloride channel is closed
GABA binds receptors allowing chloride to pass
BZs open channel for longer
person more relaxed

76
Q

research into BZs

Davidson

A

75 participants diagnosed with social-anxiety disorder
given drug/placebo for 10 weeks
early and sustained positive effect of drug patients-75%
20% improvement with placebo
side effects eg. forgetfulness
2 year follow up-advantage of drug use

77
Q

research into BZs

Baldwin

A

good evidence that BZs are significantly more effective then placebo in treating acute anxiety
supports Davidson

78
Q

strengths of BZs

A

provides short term relief
cost effective
effective
introduced to counter act highly addictive drugs(barbituates)

79
Q

BBs

A

beta blockers

80
Q

BBs

beta blockers

A

acts on the sympathetic nervous system
part of the sympathomedullary pathway
useful for some stress
performance enhancing drugs

81
Q

how BBs work

A

BBs bind to beta receptors
stops receptors being stimulated
slows heart rate/blood pressure

82
Q

research into BBs

Gates

A 
34 singing students 
drug/placebo 
low dose=small improvement 
high dose=hindered performance 
effective in small doses
83
Q

research into BBs

Kelly

A

BBs were effective for treating everyday anxieties

84
Q

strengths for BBs

A

acts directly on the body
reduces symptoms of stress
not associated with addiction
cheaper

85
Q

weaknesses of BBs

A 
side effects- nightmares 
don't address the cause of stress 
masks effects 
not effective for long term 
not effective for psychological stressors
86
Q

process of biofeedback

A

relaxation
feedback
operant conditioning
transfer

87
Q

Instrumental support

A

Practical help e.g. Lending money

88
Q

Emotional support

A

Giving a shoulder to cry on to make them feel better

89
Q

Biofeedback procedure

A

Taught techniques of relaxation to reduce activity of the sympathetic and peripheral nervous system
Reduces adrenaline/noradrenaline
Attached to various machines providing information for autonomic nervous system
E.g. EMG or EEG
Practice relaxation whilst observing biofeedback
Seeing the reduction in physiological response is rewarding
Conditioning takes place without conscious learning
Transfer skills into real life

90
Q

EMG measures

A

Muscle change

91
Q

EEG measures

A

Brain activity

92
Q

Weaknesses of Biofeedback

A

Not as effective as other treatments-holroyd
Individual differences
Dicara-couldn’t replicate to find same results

93
Q

Strengths of Biofeedback

A

Supportive research
More ethical-people that can’t have SIT
Objective

94
Q

Physiological explanations- gender differences

A

Both experience same response-adrenaline/noradrenaline
Both fight or flight but women tend and befriend
Difference parental involvement- women each child individually

95
Q

Gender differences

Taylor et al

A

Tend and befriend response

Only women

96
Q

Gender differences- oxytocin

A

Produced by both sexes
Women produce more
Role in creating mother-infant bonds

97
Q

Gender differences-oxytocin and testosterone

A

Testosterone increases stress

Weakens oxytocin

98
Q

Gender difference-oestrogen and oxytocin

A

Oestrogen increased oxytocin

99
Q

Oxytocin

Taylor et al

A

Higher oxytocin linked with lower cortisol levels

100
Q

Gender differences

Lazarus and folkman

A

2 types of coping styles for dealing with stress

Problem focused and emotion focused

101
Q

Psychological gender differences problem focused

A 
Direct way
Control to remove the stress 
Learn new skills 
Treats illness 
Learning new skills 
Stereotypically men
102
Q

Psychological gender differences

Emotional focused

A 
Indirectly 
Tackling effects
Treat symptoms 
Forms of avoidance 
Stereotypically female
103
Q

Weaknesses of personality types

A

Type A is too broad
Categories can over lap
Friedman & rosenmans research not controlled for extraneous variables

104
Q

Strengths of personality types

A

Research support
Type A/B research- used some objective measure
Type C-use of control group-increase validity

105
Q

Social support

Stroebe

A

Esteem support
Emotional support
Instrumental support
Appraisal support-others assist to identify/understand stressor
Informational support- give advice/guidance to deal with stressor

106
Q

Who identified 3 forms of social support

A

Schaefer et al

107
Q

Research into social support

Cohen

A

Phone 404 healthy adults every evening for 14 days to see how many hugs they received
Also complete questionnaire to assess perceived social support
Stress measure by daily interpersonal conflict
Place participant in quarantine, expose to cold virus
Monitor sign of illness
Most interpersonal conflict more likely to be ill
Hugs account for 1/3 of protective effect support. More hugs less chance of illness

108
Q

Strengths of social support

A

Supportive research
Protects from negative effects of stressor
Practical application

109
Q

Weaknesses of social support

A

Gender differences-women more likely to seek social support
No agreement on types of social support
Can confuse or overwhelm individual

110
Q

Personality types

Friedman and Rosenman

A

3500 healthy middle aged men
12 year longitudinal
asked questions relating to impatience, competitiveness, motivation for success, frustration and feelings of being under pressure
high score=A
low score=B
2x type A develop heart disease then type B
stressor aren’t harmful it is how each personality perceives/ react is harmful

111
Q

Type A personalities more likely to develop…

A

chronic heart disease

112
Q

Type C personality more likely to develop…

A

cancer

113
Q

strength of hardiness

A

real life applications-US army special forces recruitment
supporting research- Maddi
Maddi- objective methods(medical records)

114
Q

weaknesses of hardiness

A

subjective measure
can’t establish direct cause and effect
3 C’s may overlap

115
Q

Drug treatments

Benzodiazepine (BZs)

A

lessen the anxiety associated with stress
quickly reduce physiological arousal in the CNS
tap into one was in which the body naturally combats anxiety
enhances the action of GABA (body’s natural anxiety relief)

116
Q

Drug treatments
Benzodiazepine (BZs)
how they work

A

empty GABA receptors site on the postsynaptic neuron, receptor is in active and chloride channel is closed GABA binding with receptors, operating the channel allowing chloride into the cell
both GABA and BZs binding with receptor, opens the channel for longer and allows more chloride through

117
Q

drug treatment
Benzodiazepine (BZs)
research- Davidson

A

assessment of BX
75 p’s diagnosed with social-anxiety disorder
drug/placebo for 10 weeks
early and sustained positive effects (75%)
20% improvement with placebo
side effects

118
Q

drug treatments

strengths of BZs

A

cost effective
short term relief
effective

119
Q

drug treatments

weaknesses of BZs

A

dependancy
side effects- forgetting
research is unethical

120
Q 
drug treatment 
beta blockers (BBs)
A

act on sympathetic nervous system
reduces arousal
blocks transmission from nerve impulses
block sites normally activated by hormones adrenaline

121
Q

drug treatments
beta blockers (BBs)
how they work

A

BBs bind to beta receptors
stops receptor being stimulated
slows heart rate/blood pressure

122
Q

drug treatment
beta blockers (BBs)
research-Gates

A 
BBs and stage fright 
34 singing students 
drug/placebo 
low dose- small improvement 
high dose- hindered performance
123
Q

drug treatment

strengths of BBs

A

not associated with dependency
immediate effect
cost effective

124
Q

drug treatment

weakness of BBs

A

side effects-tiredness/ hallucinations
no long term effect
don’t address cause only symptoms

125
Q

stress inoculation therapy

A 
cognitive reconstructing 
reducing stress through cognition 
3 phases: conceptualisation phase 
skill acquisition and rehearsal
real- life application
126
Q

SIT

conceptualisation phase

A

therapist investigates clients stressors through interview
looks how client deals with stressors and evaluate effectiveness
identifies topic to change including negative self talk
client reconceptualises their problem

127
Q

SIT

skill acquisition and rehearsal

A

coping skill and taught and practiced
skills are matched to clients preferred coping style
use self talk
planning in advance how to cope when stress occurs

128
Q

SIT

real life application

A

therapist creates opportunity for client to apply new skills in a safe environment
transfer skills into real life
client feeds back suggest in further work is needed
client is to consider success as their own work and not by chance

129
Q

SIT

research- Holroyd et al

A

31 p’s experiencing chronic tensions headaches to a SIT , Biofeedback or control group.
found that only the SIT group showed substantial improvement in daily reductions of headaches

130
Q

strengths of SIT

A

applied to a range of stressors
Flexible
tailored to specific needs

131
Q

weaknesses of SIT

A

Demanding
stigma of therapy
research unethical(Holroyd)

132
Q

Biofeedback

A 
body's physiological response to stress 
not under control (ANS)
allows individual to exert voluntary control over involuntary behaviours 
4 processes: relaxation 
feedback 
operant conditioning 
transfer
133
Q

Biofeedback

procedure

A

taught techniques of relaxation to reduce activity of SNS
reduced adrenaline
attached to machines which provide info on ANS( heart monitor/blood pressure)
EMG measures muscle change, SCR and EEG measures brain activity
when individual sees reduction in physiological response is rewarding
takes place without conscious learning
transfer skill to real life

Psychology (11 decks)

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