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Psychology > Biopsych > Flashcards

Biopsych Flashcards

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1
Q

somatic nervous system

A

connects central nervous system to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles

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2
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

connects central nervous system to bodily organs, glands and smooth muscle

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, it receives information from the senses and controls that bodies responses

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4
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

primarily involved with responses that help us deal with emergencies (fight/flight)

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body
sends information to central nervous system from the body and outside world and transmits messages from central nervous system to muscles and glands

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6
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

involved with calming the body (rest and digest system)

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7
Q

main functions of the nervous system

A

collect, process and respond to information from the environment
to co-ordinate the working of different internal organs and cells in the body

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8
Q

central nervous system
brain
diencephalon

A

contains 2 important structures
thalamus
hypothalamus

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9
Q

CNS-brain
diencephalon
thalamus

A

acts as a relay station for never impulses coming from senses, routing them to the appropriate part if the brain to be processed

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10
Q

CNS-brain
diencephalon
hypothalamus

A

one functions is to act as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

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11
Q

CNS-brain stem

A

responsible for regulating the autonomic functions essential for life e.g. breathing

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12
Q

CNS-spinal cord

A

relay information between brain and the rest of the body
contains circuits of nerve cells that enable us to perform simple reflexes without direct involvement of brain
if areas are damaged spinal nerves will but cut off from brain and will stop functioning

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13
Q

endocrine system

A

information system which instructs the glands to release hormones into the blood stream. these hormones are then carried directly towards to the target organs

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14
Q

glands in the endocrine system

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary  
thyroid 
parathyroid 
adrenals 
pancreas 
ovaries 
testes
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15
Q 
function of the hypothalamus 
endocrine system
A

connects the CNS and endocrine system together

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16
Q 
function of the pituitary gland 
endocrine system
A

master gland

produces critical hormones, which are chemical substances that control various bodily functions.

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17
Q 
function of the thyroid gland
endocrine system
A

uses iodine from the foods you eat to make two main hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4)

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18
Q 
function of the parathyroid gland 
endocrine system
A

controls the bodies calcium levels

produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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19
Q 
function of the adrenals gland
endocrine system
A

produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors
Two of the most important adrenal hormones are cortisol and adrenaline

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20
Q 
function of the pancreas 
endocrine system
A

secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.

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21
Q 
function of the ovaries 
endocrine system
A

female reproductive system

22
Q 
function of the testes 
endocrine system
A

male reproductive system

23
Q

sensory neuron

A

carry messages from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system
long dendrites and short axons

24
Q

motor neurons

A

connect the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles and glands
short dendrites and short axon

25
Q

relay neurons

A

connect sensory neurons to motor neurons or other relay neurons
short dendrites and long axons

26
Q

structure of a neuron

A

cell body includes a nucleus which contains information about the cell dendrites(branch like structures) the protrude the cell body transporting impulses from other cells. the axon carries the impulses away from the cell and is covered in myelin sheath that protects the axon and speeds up electrical transmission. the myelin sheath is separated by nodes of ranvier that speeds up the impulses by forcing them to jump along the axon. terminal buttons are at the end of the axon that communicate with the next neuron across a gap(synapse)

27
Q

electrical transmission

A

when a neuron is in a resting state inside the cell is negatively charged. when a neuron is activated by a stimulus the inside of the cell become positively charged causing an action potential creating an electrical impulse which is carried down the axon

28
Q

synaptic transmission

A

Once the action potential reaches the end of the axon it needs to be transferred to another neuron or tissue. It must cross over the synaptic gap between the presynaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron. At the end of the neuron (in the axon terminal) are the synaptic vesicles, which contain chemical messengers, known as neurotransmitters. When the electrical impulse (action potential) reaches these synaptic vesicles, they release their contents of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters then carry the signal across the synaptic gap. They bind to receptor sites on the post-synaptic cell, thereby completing the process of synaptic transmission.

29
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

found at each point where a motor neuron meets a muscle

30
Q

two effects neurotransmitters have on the neighbouring neuron

A

inhibitory

excitatory

31
Q

effects neurotransmitters have on the neighbouring neuron

inhibitory

A

makes the neuron negatively charged therefore less likely to fire
serotonin

32
Q

effects neurotransmitters have on the neighbouring neuron

excitatory

A

makes the neuron positively charged, therefore more likely to fire
adrenaline

33
Q

fight or flight

A

when a stressful stimuli is perceived the hypothalamus triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system this then changes from parasympathetic to sympathetic. adrenaline is produced and trigger physiological changes once the stressor has gone the body returns to parasympathetic

34
Q

ways of investigating the brain

A

fMRI(functioning magnetic resonance imaging)
EEG(electroencephalogram)
ERP(event-related potentials)
post-mortems

35
Q

investigating the brain

fMRI

A

detects the change in blood oxygenation and flow that occurs as a result of neural activity
3D images

36
Q

investigating the brain

EEG

A

measures electrical activity in the brain via electrodes that are fixed to a skull cape
recording represents the brainwave patterns
used a diagnostic tool as unusual arrhythmic patterns of activity may indicate neurological abnormalities

37
Q

investigating the brain

ERPs

A

using statistical averaging technique all extraneous brain activity from the EEG is filtered out leaving only those responses that relate to the performance of the specific task

38
Q

investigating the brain

post-mortems

A 
analysis of the brain after death 
usually those with rare condition
areas of damage examined 
establish possible cause of death 
comparison with neuro-typical brain is common
39
Q

investigating the brain

strengths of fMRI

A

doesn’t rely on radiation
risk free
non-invasive
high spatial resolution

40
Q

investigating the brain

strengths of EEG

A

effective in diagnosing conditions
high temporal resolution
contributed to understanding sleep

41
Q

investigating the brain

ERP

A

more specific

good temporal resolution

42
Q

investigating the brain

strengths of post mortems

A

contributed to early psychology

generate future hypothesis

43
Q

investigating the brain

weaknesses of fMRI

A

expensive
poor temporal resolution
difficult to tell what kind of brain activity

44
Q

investigating the brain

weaknesses if EEG

A

cant pinpoint source of neural activity

hard to distinguish between activity

45
Q

investigating the brain

weaknesses of ERP

A

lack of standardisation between findings

extraneous variables

46
Q

investigating the brain

weaknesses of post mortem

A

only distinguish causation

ethical issues

47
Q

biological rhythms

A

distinct changes in body activity the conform the clinical time periods. Biological rhythms are influenced by endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers

48
Q

endogenous pacemakers

A

internal body clocks that regulate many biological rhythms

49
Q

endogenous pacemakers

surpachiasmatic nucleus

A

nerve cells located in the hypothalamus
primary endogenous pacemakers
influential in maintaining circadian rhythms
located behind the eyes it receives information and light and dark even when eyes are closed

50
Q

endogenous pacemakers
surpachiasmatic nucleus
DeCoursey et al

A

destroyed the SCN of 30 chipmunks and released them back into their habitat and observed for 80 days
the sleep/wake cycle had disappeared and a significant portion had been killed

51
Q

SCN and melatonin

A

the SCN passes information about day and night onto the pineal gland that produces melatonin which induces sleep

Psychology (11 decks)

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